Table 4.
Multiple regression analyses for each of the transfer measures, using the post-test score as the dependent variable, as well as pre-test performance and training gain as predictors (analyses are shown separately for each group)
| Post-test measure | Beta | SD | t | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tapback group | ||||
| 2-Back (pr) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.64 | 0.27 | 2.37 | 0.02** |
| Training gain | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.53 | 0.53 |
| 3-Back (pr) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.41 | 0.11 | 3.63 | 0.02** |
| Training gain | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.80 | 0.43 |
| 2-Back (lure accuracy) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.10 | 0.17 | 0.55 | 0.58 |
| Training gain | 0.03 | 0.02 | 1.48 | 0.15 |
| 3-Back (lure accuracy) | ||||
| Pre-test | − 0.23 | 0.19 | − 1.19 | 0.24 |
| Training gain | 0.03 | 0.02 | 1.58 | 0.12 |
| N-Back (RT) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.53 | 0.12 | 5.11 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.99 |
| AXCPT AY trials (accuracy) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.64 | 0.13 | 5.15 | 0.00 |
| Training gain | 0.00 | 0.02 | − 0.15 | − 0.88 |
| AXCPT BX trials (accuracy) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.39 | 0.11 | 3.33 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.11 | 0.27 |
| AXCPT AY trials (RT) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.42 | 0.15 | 4.65 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | 0.09 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.36 |
| AXCPT BX trials (RT) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.29 | 0.17 | 2.73 | 0.01** |
| Training gain | 0.06 | 0.04 | 1.01 | 0.32 |
| DRM free recall (accuracy) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.47 | 0.10 | 4.34 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | 0.20 | 0.72 | 0.28 | 0.79 |
| DRM free recall (falsely remembered) | ||||
| Pre-test | − 0.07 | 0.07 | − 1.07 | 0.29 |
| Training gain | − 0.01 | 0.75 | − 0.10 | 0.92 |
| DRM recognition (accuracy) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.60 | 0.14 | 4.44 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | − 0.17 | 0.92 | − 0.19 | 0.85 |
| DRM recognition familiarity rating (lures only) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.32 | 0.16 | 1.94 | 0.06 |
| Training gain | − 0.08 | 0.16 | − 0.50 | 0.62 |
| DRM recognition (RT) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.34 | 0.12 | 14.23 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | 0.11 | 0.14 | 1.27 | 0.20 |
| BOMAT | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.48 | 0.14 | 3.35 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.98 | 0.33 |
| DAT space relationships | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.69 | 0.11 | 6.46 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.77 |
| ETS form board | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.58 | 0.13 | 4.27 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | 0.09 | 2.47 | 0.04 | 0.97 |
| ETS surface development | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.85 | 0.15 | 5.67 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | 0.60 | 0.75 | 0.80 | 0.43 |
| Lecture videos (accuracy) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.25 | 0.10 | 2.62 | 0.01** |
| Training gain | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.99 | 0.34 |
| Math (accuracy) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.51 | 0.11 | 4.48 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.11 | 0.28 |
| Math (RT) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.29 | 0.09 | 3.33 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | 0.01 | 0.03 | 1.01 | 0.33 |
| Delay discounting (k) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.27 | 0.06 | 4.32 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | 0.00 | 0.00 | − 0.07 | 0.94 |
| Recall group | ||||
| 2-Back (pr) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.55 | 0.19 | 2.84 | 0.01** |
| Training gain | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.70 | 0.49 |
| 3-Back (pr) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.32 | 0.13 | 2.41 | 0.02** |
| Training gain | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.64 |
| 2-Back (lure accuracy) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.36 | 0.18 | 2.05 | 0.05* |
| Training gain | 0.05 | 0.02 | 2.27 | 0.03* |
| 3-Back (lure accuracy) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.23 | 0.18 | 1.30 | 0.20 |
| Training gain | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.91 |
| N-Back (RT) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.57 | 0.12 | 4.04 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | 0.03 | 0.01 | 1.01 | 0.32 |
| AXCPT AY trials (accuracy) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.82 | 0.09 | 9.31 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1.48 | 0.15 |
| AXCPT BX trials (accuracy) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.28 | 0.11 | 2.49 | 0.02** |
| Training gain | 0.00 | 0.00 | − 0.25 | 0.80 |
| AXCPT AY trials (RT) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.66 | 0.23 | 4.04 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.71 | 0.48 |
| AXCPT BX trials (RT) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.17 | 0.07 | 6.54 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.01 | 0.32 |
| DRM free recall (accuracy) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.33 | 0.10 | 3.21 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | 0.21 | 0.78 | 0.26 | 0.79 |
| DRM free recall (falsely remembered) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.12 | 0.07 | 1.57 | 0.12 |
| Training gain | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.52 | 0.61 |
| DRM recognition (accuracy) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.39 | 0.09 | 4.32 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | 0.61 | 0.79 | 0.76 | 0.45 |
| DRM recognition familiarity rating (lures only) | ||||
| Pre-test | − 0.06 | 0.11 | − 0.57 | 0.57 |
| Training gain | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.43 | 0.67 |
| DRM recognition (RT) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.30 | 0.11 | 7.03 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | 0.08 | 0.19 | 0.43 | 0.67 |
| BOMAT | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.38 | 0.10 | 3.96 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | 0.59 | 0.29 | 2.05 | 0.05* |
| DAT space relationships | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.62 | 0.11 | 5.71 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.87 | 0.39 |
| ETS form board | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.54 | 0.12 | 4.55 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | 1.94 | 2.40 | 0.81 | 0.42 |
| ETS surface development | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.63 | 0.09 | 7.33 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | 0.35 | 0.60 | 0.58 | 0.56 |
| Lecture videos (accuracy) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.42 | 0.12 | 3.63 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | 0.88 | 0.43 | 2.03 | 0.05* |
| Math (accuracy) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.33 | 0.10 | 3.38 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | 0.02 | 0.01 | 2.01 | 0.05* |
| Math (RT) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.22 | 0.11 | 2.62 | 0.01** |
| Training gain | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.94 | 0.36 |
| Delay discounting (k) | ||||
| Pre-test | 0.29 | 0.06 | 4.67 | 0.00*** |
| Training gain | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 0.87 |
All units are standardized
*
p ≤ 0.05,
**
p ≤ 0.01,
***
p ≤ 0.001