Table 1.
Univariate associations between sleep apnea and independent variables of interest.
| Predictors | Diagnosed sleep apnea | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No (%) | Yes (%) | ||
| 96.6 | 3.4% | ||
| Sex | |||
| Female | 51.5 | 34.6 | — |
| Male | 48.5 | 65.4 | <0.001 |
| Age | |||
| 18–44 | 48.9 | 24.3 | — |
| 45–64 | 35.2 | 55.1 | <0.001 |
| ≥65 | 15.4 | 20.6 | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity | |||
| White | 81.0 | 89.3 | — |
| Others | 19.0 | 10.7 | 0.018 |
| Born in Canada | |||
| In Canada | 74.7 | 78.3 | — |
| Outside Canada | 25.3 | 21.7 | 0.404 |
| Marital status | |||
| Single/separate/widow/divorced | 36.1 | 26.4 | — |
| Married/common-in-law | 63.9 | 73.6 | 0.030 |
| Education | |||
| Less than secondary | 16.1 | 17.4 | — |
| Secondary graduation | 15.3 | 13.9 | 0.658 |
| Postsecondary and above | 68.6 | 68.7 | 0.825 |
| Employment | |||
| Unemployed | 33.8 | 38.0 | — |
| Full-time employed | 55.8 | 52.2 | 0.330 |
| Part-time employed | 10.4 | 9.8 | 0.573 |
| BMI | |||
| Normal (<25) | 49.6 | 10.6 | — |
| Overweight (25–30) | 33.7 | 48.4 | <0.001 |
| Obesity (≥30) | 16.8 | 41.0 | <0.001 |
| Smoking status | |||
| Nonsmoker | 37.4 | 25.9 | — |
| Ex-smoker | 41.4 | 51.4 | 0.008 |
| Current smoker | 21.2 | 22.6 | 0.080 |
| Five or more alcohol drinks in past 12 months | |||
| None | 59.6 | 62.9 | — |
| Once or less in a month | 28.8 | 29.3 | 0.859 |
| Twice or more in a month | 11.6 | 7.7 | 0.131 |
| Daily 15 min physical activity | |||
| No | 68.3 | 73.8 | — |
| Yes | 31.7 | 26.2 | 0.186 |
| Own the dwelling place | |||
| No | 25.5 | 26.3 | — |
| Yes | 74.5 | 73.7 | 0.849 |
| Household income | |||
| <$30,000 | 14.7 | 14.2 | — |
| $30,000 to 99,999 | 49.5 | 46.4 | 0.902 |
| ≥100,000 | 25.5 | 28.1 | 0.608 |
| Not stated | 10.3 | 11.3 | 0.806 |
| Geographic location | |||
| Atlantic area | 7.0 | 6.8 | — |
| Quebec | 24.1 | 12.9 | 0.087 |
| Ontario | 38.5 | 52.8 | 0.259 |
| Prairie area | 16.8 | 12.3 | 0.424 |
| BC | 13.6 | 15.1 | 0.710 |
| Hypertension | |||
| No | 81.4 | 66.0 | — |
| Yes | 18.6 | 34.0 | <0.001 |
| Migraine headache | |||
| No | 89.6 | 88.8 | — |
| Yes | 10.4 | 11.2 | 0.738 |
| COPD ∗ | |||
| No | 96.3 | 90.5 | — |
| Yes | 3.7 | 9.5 | 0.001 |
| Diabetes | |||
| No | 94.1 | 84.0 | — |
| Yes | 5.9 | 16.0 | <0.001 |
| Heart disease | |||
| No | 95.3 | 88.6 | — |
| Yes | 4.7 | 11.4 | <0.001 |
| Anxiety disorder | |||
| No | 94.8 | 88.6 | — |
| Yes | 5.2 | 11.4 | 0.006 |
| Pain or discomfort | |||
| No | 82.9 | 69.0 | — |
| Yes | 17.1 | 31.0 | <0.001 |
| Loud snoring | |||
| Snoring not louder than talking | 85.0 | 51.0 | — |
| Snoring louder than talk | 15.0 | 49.0 | <0.001 |
| Trouble of going/staying asleep | |||
| None of the time | 34.1 | 35.2 | — |
| Some of the time | 50.1 | 35.4 | 0.090 |
| Most of the time | 15.8 | 29.4 | 0.020 |
| How often awakened suddenly with gasping or choking | |||
| Never | 94.3 | 74.4 | — |
| Rarely or sometimes | 4.3 | 14.4 | <0.001 |
| Once a week or more | 1.5 | 11.2 | <0.001 |
| Feeling tired or sleepy during daytime | |||
| No | 54.7 | 40.4 | — |
| Yes | 45.3 | 59.6 | 0.006 |
| Nodded or fallen asleep in driving in the past 12 months | |||
| No | 86.6 | 87.4 | — |
| Yes | 4.4 | 8.0 | 0.084 |
| Does not drive | 9.1 | 4.6 | 0.055 |
∗COPD only diagnosed in persons who were 35 years and older.