Table 3.
Change over time in knee pain, function, perceived stress, sleep, mood, and related outcomes in older adults with knee osteoarthritis assigned to a mantra meditation or music listening program.
| Mantra Meditation | Music Listening | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Change at 2 months | Change at 2 months | ||||||
| (Mean ± SE) | P ∗ | ES | (Mean ± SE) | P ∗ | ES | P ŧ | |
| Knee Pain-Related (Core) Outcomes | |||||||
| KOOS | |||||||
| Total (WOMAC)∗∗ | -38.00 (12.27) | 0.015 | 2.2 | -19.00 (8.82) | 0.06 | 0.5 | 0.07 |
| Pain | -13.33 (4.45) | 0.02 | 0.7 | -9.36 (3.77) | 0.03 | 0.7 | 0.16 |
| WOMAC pain | -8.00 (2.74) | 0.02 | 2.3 | -4.82 (2.47) | 0.08 | 0.5 | 0.26 |
| Symptoms | -5.22 (2.67) | 0.08 | 0.7 | -2.55 (1.98) | 0.23 | 0.3 | 0.42 |
| Stiffness (WOMAC) | -2.00 (1.35) | 0.18 | 0.4 | -1.91 (0.78) | 0.03 | 0.5 | 0.95 |
| Function (ADL) | -28.00 (8.91) | 0.02 | 0.8 | -12.27 (6.67) | 0.10 | 0.4 | 0.45 |
| Sports/Recreation | -17.00 (7.06) | 0.04 | 0.9 | -2.91 (4.96) | 0.57 | 0.2 | 0.09 |
| Knee-related Quality of Life | -8.67 (3.19) | 0.03 | 0.8 | -1.91 (1.52) | 0.24 | 0.2 | 0.06 |
| Numeric Rating Scale | |||||||
| Knee pain now | -1.63 (0.50) | 0.01 | 1.0 | -1.73 (0.66) | 0.03 | 0.8 | 0.58 |
| Average knee pain | -2.13 (0.79) | 0.03 | 1.6 | -1.45 (0.47) | 0.01 | 0.8 | 0.90 |
| Worst knee pain | -1.38 (0.53) | 0.04 | 0.7 | -1.18 (0.50) | 0.12 | 0.6 | 0.94 |
| Least knee pain | -1.63 (0.42) | 0.01 | 1.3 | -1.64 (0.66) | 0.03 | 0.6 | 0.65 |
| Patient Global Assessment | -2.00 (0.87) | 0.025 | 1.0 | -1.18 (0.50) | 0.04 | 0.7 | 0.19 |
| Secondary Outcomes | |||||||
| Stress, mood, well-being and sleep quality | |||||||
| Perceived Stress Scale | -4.78 (2.00) | 0.04 | 0.7 | -3.45 (1.08) | 0.01 | 0.4 | 0.56 |
| Profile of Mood States (total score) | -34.11 (9.64) | 0.008 | 1.5 | -10.91 (5.19) | 0.06 | 0.2 | 0.04 |
| Psychological Well-being Scale | 4.00 (3.09) | 0.23 | 0.4 | 2.45 (2.44) | 0.34 | 0.2 | 0.74 |
| Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (total score) | -2.38 (0.80) | 0.02 | 0.7 | -0.36 (0.49) | 0.48 | 0.1 | 0.04 |
| Health related Quality of Life (SF-36) | |||||||
| Mental Health Component | 17.96 (5.61) | 0.01 | 0.9 | 5.30 (3.63) | 0.18 | 0.2 | 0.07 |
| Physical Health Component | 20.69 (5.11) | 0.004 | 1.0 | 11.59 (3.76) | 0.01 | 0.5 | 0.16 |
| Potential Mediators | |||||||
| Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia-6 (total) | -4.22 (1.53) | 0.03 | 1.1 | -1.45 (0.65) | 0.05 | 0.7 | 0.09 |
| Pain Catastrophizing Scale Total | -4.78 (2.48) | 0.09 | 0.5 | -7.64 (2.24) | 0.007 | 0.7 | 0.25 |
∗Repeated measures ANOVA (RM) ŧ Between group difference at 2 months, adjusted for age.
∗∗Calculated as the sum of the WOMAC Pain, Stiffness, and Function subscale scores.
Abbreviations: ES= effect size; KOOS=Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score; SE=standard error.