Table 1.
Cases of HLH associated with scrub typhus
| Year (Reference) | Case No. | Age/Sex | Country | Eschar Location | Diagnostic Test for Scrub Typhus | HPS Findings in BM | HLH Criteria 2004 | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1992 [13] | 1 | 47/male | Japan | ND | IFA; Gilliam | + | ND | survived/cured |
| 1994 [14] | 2 | 53/female | Japan | back | IFA; Gilliam | + | ND | survived/cured |
| 2000 [15] | 3 | 21/male | Taiwan | ND | Weil–Felix; OX-K | + | ND | survived/cured |
| 2001 [16] | 4 | 53/female | Japan | left thigh | IFA; Karp | + | ND | survived/cured |
| 2002 [17] | 5 | 75/female | Japan | left buttock | IFA; Gilliam | + | ND | survived/cured |
| 6 | 69/female | Japan | left leg | IFA; Gilliam | + | ND | survived/cured | |
| 2006 [18] | 7 | 74/female | Japan | external genitalia | IFA; Karp, Kato, Gilliam | + | ND | survived/cured |
| 2009 [19] | 8 | 58/female | Sri Lanka | perineum | IgG IFA | + | ND | survived/cured |
| 2010 [20] | 9 | 22/male | India | not detected | Weil–Felix; OX-K, IgM ELISA | + | ND | survived/cured |
| 2010 [21] | 10 | 35/male | India | posterior chest wall | IgM ELISA | + | ND | survived/cured |
| 11 | 61/male | India | ND | IgM ELISA | + | ND | survived/cured | |
| 12 | 23/male | India | ND | IgM ELISA | + | ND | survived/cured | |
| 2011 [22] | 13 | 5/female | India | hypogastrium | Weil–Felix; OX-K, IgM | + | criteria not met | survived/cured |
| 2012 [23] | 14 | 9/female | South Korea | scalp | IgM IFA | + | criteria is met | survived with sequela |
| 2013 [24] | 15 | 8 months/male | South Korea | right inguinal area | IgM IHA | ND | criteria is met | survived/cured |
| 2014 [25] | 16 | 34/female | Taiwan | not detected | Weil–Felix; OX-K, IgM, PCR | + | criteria is met | died |
| 2014 [26] | 17 | 40/female | India | ND | Weil–Felix; OX-K | + | criteria is met | survived/cured |
| 2015 [27] | 18 | 19/female | India | not detected | IgM ELISA | + | criteria is met | survived/cured |
| 19 | 64/male | India | not detected | IgM ELISA | + | criteria is met | survived/cured | |
| 20 | 45/male | India | left groin | IgM ELISA | + | criteria is met | survived/cured | |
| 2015 [28] | 21 | 2 months/male | India | not detected | IgM ELISA | not observed | criteria is met | survived/cured |
| 2016 [29] | 22 | 6/male | China | left shoulder | Weil–Felix; OX-K | + | criteria is met | survived/cured |
| 23 | 4/female | China | right opisthotic area | Weil–Felix; OX-K | + | criteria is met | survived/cured | |
| 24 | 3/female | China | left forearm | Weil–Felix; OX-K | + | criteria is met | survived/cured | |
| 2016 [30] | 25 | 8 months/male | China | + (location not described) | Weil–Felix and/or IgM IFA | + | criteria is met | died |
| 26 | 1/female | China | + (location not described) | Weil–Felix and/or IgM IFA | + | criteria is met | survived/cured | |
| 27 | 7/male | China | + (location not described) | Weil–Felix and/or IgM IFA | + | criteria is met | survived/cured | |
| 28 | 7/female | China | + (location not described) | Weil–Felix and/or IgM IFA | + | criteria is met | survived/cured | |
| 29 | 11/male | China | + (location not described) | Weil–Felix and/or IgM IFA | + | criteria is met | survived/cured | |
| 30 | 7/male | China | + (location not described) | Weil–Felix and/or IgM IFA | + | criteria is met | survived/cured |
BM: bone marrow, IFA: immunofluorescence assay, IgM: immunoglobulin M, IHA: indirect hemagglutination HPS: hemophagocytosis, ND: not described.