Table 2. Characteristics of the trials included in the meta-analysis.
| Reference (published year) | Patients (n) in each group | Population Description | Intervention modality of case group | Intervention modality of control group | Study design and duration | Main outcomes measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tomayko EJ et al. (2015) [31] | Case (11 and 12); control (15) | MHD patients, treatment for ≥ 3 months, ≥ 3 days/week, nutritional status was not stated | 27 g whey or 27 soy protein within beverage, consumed within 15 mins of dialysis; intradialytic supplementation | 2g non-caloric powder within beverage, consumed within 15 mins of dialysis | Randomized, controlled, blinded; 6 mo |
Albumin, quality of life, phosphorus, and potassium |
| Calegari A et al. (2011) [32] | Case (9); control (6) | Malnourished HD patients (SGA >15 points) | Non-industrialized nutrition supplement (Thick mixed food), 355 kcal, 53% of carbohydrate, 10g of protein, and 15g of lipid; intradialytic supplementation | Routine nutritional guidance | Randomized,controlled, non-blinded,crossover; 3 mo (first phase) |
Body mass index, albumin, quality of life, phosphorus, and potassium |
| Bolasco P et al. (2011) [33] | Case (15); control (14) | HD patients, thrice-weekly albumin < 3.5 g/dL and BMI > 20 kg/m2, nutritional status was not stated |
12 g amino acid powder dissolved in water; general supplementation | No intervention | Randomized,controlled, non-blinded;3 mo | Body mass index, albumin |
| Tabibi H et al. (2010) [34] | Case (18); control (18) | Continuous ambulatory PD; nutritional status was not stated | 28g packets of raw textured soy flour (containing 14g of soy protein); general supplementation | Usual diet without consumption of soy-containing products | Randomized,controlled, non-blinded;8 weeks | Albumin |
| Imani H et al. (2009) [35] | Case (18); control (18) | Continuous ambulatory PD; nutritional status was not stated | 28g packets of raw textured soy flour (containing 14g of soy protein); general supplementation | Usual diet without consumption of soy-containing products | Randomized,controlled, non-blinded;8 weeks | Phosphorus |
| Fouque D et al. (2008) [36] | Case (37); control (29) | MHD patients, albumin < 40 g/L and BMI <30 kg/m2; mildly nourished | 250 ml Renilon 7.5 daily, 500 kcal, containing 18.75 g protein and 15 mg phosphotus; general supplementation | Standard care | Multicentre, randomized,open-label, controlled; 3 mo |
Body mass index, albumin, and quality of life |
| González-Espinoza L et al. (2005) [37] | Case (13); control (15) | Continuous ambulatory PD for at least 1 month; malnourished | 22g of high biological-value protein (egg albumin) daily; general supplementation | Conventional nutritional counseling | randomized,open-label, controlled; 6 mo |
Albumin, phosphorus, and potassium |
| Sharma M et al. (2002) [47] | Case (16 and 10); control (14) | Malnourished; regular thrice weekly MHD patients(for at least 1 month) and BMI<20kg/m2 and albumin < 4.0g/dL | Standard home-prepared ONS: (500 kcal and 15g protein) vs CKD-specific ONS (Reno care II, Criticare, Mumbai, India (500 kcal and 15g protein); general supplementation | Dietary counseling no specific post-HD supplement | Randomized,controlled, non-blinded;1 mo | Body mass index, albumin, quality of life, potassium and phosphorus |
| Sohrabi Z et al. (2016) [39] | Case (23): control (23) | Regular HD patients with malnutrition | 15g whey protein without vitamin E (three times per week); intradialytic supplementation | No intervention | Randomized,controlled, non-blinded;8 weeks | Body mass index, albumin, and phosphorus |
| Hung SC et al. (2009) [40] | Case (20); control (21) | Nondiabetic HD patients; malnourished | Daily use of one can of a commercially ONS (475 kcal, contained 16.6g protein, 22.7g fat, and 52.8g carbohydrate); general supplementation | Without supplementation | Prospective, randomized, controlled, non-blinded; 12 weeks | Body mass index, albumin |
| Eustace JA et al. (2000) [46] | HD: Case (14); control (15) PD: Case (9); Control (9) |
HD and PD patients, albumin <3.8g/dL); nutritional status was not stated | Daily 10.8g EAA with meals; general supplementation | Placebo in appearance to the EAA tablets | Randomized,double-blind, controlled; 3 mo |
Body mass index and albumin |
| Morretti HD et al. (2009) [38] | Case (31); Control (18) | HD and PD patients; nutritional status was not stated | 15g liquid hydrolyzed collagen protein (3 times per week for HD patients and 7 times per week for PD patients) general supplementation | No supplement | Randomized,controlled, non-blinded, crossover; 6 mo |
Albumin |
| Allman MA et al. (1990) [45] | Case (9)/Control (12) | Regular HD patients for > 3 months; nutritional status was not stated | 100-150g glucose-polymer(400-600kcal) plus water-soluble vitamin; general supplementation | No energy supplement | Randomized controlled, non-blinded;6 mo | Body mass index and albumin |
| Rattanasompattikul M et al. (2013) [41] | Case (22); Control (21) | MHD patients with Alb < 40 g/L; nutritional status was not stated | 19 g protein combined with fish oil, borage oil, beta-carotene, vitamin C and E, zinc, and selenium; intradialytic supplementation | Placebo | Randomized,double-blind,controlled; 16 weeks |
Albumin, phosphorus, and potassium |
| Sahathevan S, et al. (2018)[43] | Case(37);control(37) |
Malnourished peritoneal dialysis patients, with Alb<40 g/L and BMI<24.0 kg/m2 | 27.4g whey protein powder ingested post-meal plus dietary counseling | dietary counseling only | Randomized,controlled, open-label 6 mo |
Albumin, BMI, phosphorus, and quality of life |
MHD, maintenance hemodialysis; HD, hemodialysis; PD, peritoneal dialysis.