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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 24.
Published in final edited form as: AIDS. 2018 Sep 24;32(15):2247–2253. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001946

TABLE 1.

Associations Between Gender, Level of Alcohol Use and 3 Measures of the HIV Care Continuum in a Large National Cohort of US Veterans Health Administration Patients with HIV and Documented AUDIT-C Screening Between February 2008 and September 2014 (Women = 971, Men = 32,253)

Unadjusted Adjusted*
RR [95% CI] p-value Test for Linear Trend† aRR [95% CI] p-value Test for Linear Trend†
Engaged in HIV Medical Care
N=25,833 (698 for women, 25,135 for men)
WOMEN (relative to men) 0.92 [0.89,0.96] <0.001 N/A 0.90 [0.86,0.94] <0.001 N/A
 Level of Alcohol Use‡
  Non-drinking (0) -- ref . 0.14 -- ref . 0.13
  Low-Level (1–2 women) 1.03 [0.94,1.12] 0.56 1.04 [0.96,1.14] 0.31
  Medium-Level (3–5 women) 1.09 [0.95,1.24] 0.23 1.09 [0.96,1.24] 0.17
  High-Level (6–7) 1.05 [0.76,1.47] 0.76 1.08 [0.78,1.49] 0.66
  Very High Level (8–12) 0.70 [0.46,1.07] 0.10 0.72 [0.47,1.08] 0.11
MEN (referent) -- -- . N/A -- -- . N/A
 Level of Alcohol Use§
  Non-drinking (0) -- ref . <0.01 -- ref . <0.01
  Low-Level (1–3 men) 1.02 [1.01,1.03] 0.00 1.02 [1.01,1.03] 0.00
  Medium-Level (4–5 men) 0.96 [0.94,0.99] 0.00 0.96 [0.94,0.98] 0.00
  High-Level (6–7) 0.96 [0.92,1.00] 0.05 0.95 [0.91,0.98] 0.00
  Very High Level (8–12) 0.91 [0.88,0.95] 0.00 0.89 [0.86,0.93] 0.00
Prescribed ART
N=24,400 (583 for women, 23,817 for men)
WOMEN (relative to men) 0.81 [0.77,0.86] <0.001 N/A 0.81 [0.77,0.85] <0.001 N/A
 Level of Alcohol Use‡
  Non-drinking (0) -- -- . 0.03 -- -- . 0.04
  Low-Level (1–2 women) 0.98 [0.87,1.09] 0.68 1.00 [0.90,1.12] 0.99
  Medium-Level (3–5 women) 0.91 [0.73,1.12] 0.36 0.91 [0.73,1.12] 0.36
  High-Level (6–7) 0.94 [0.58,1.53] 0.82 0.93 [0.57,1.52] 0.77
  Very High Level (8–12) 0.44 [0.22,0.88] 0.02 0.46 [0.23,0.91] 0.03
MEN (referent) -- -- . N/A -- -- . N/A
 Level of Alcohol Use§
  Non-drinking (0) -- ref . <0.01 -- ref . <0.01
  Low-Level (1–3 men) 1.03 [1.01,1.04] 0.00 1.02 [1.00,1.03] 0.02
  Medium-Level (4–5 men) 0.96 [0.94,0.99] 0.00 0.95 [0.93,0.98] 0.00
  High-Level (6–7) 0.91 [0.87,0.96] 0.00 0.91 [0.87,0.95] 0.00
  Very High Level (8–12) 0.81 [0.77,0.85] 0.00 0.82 [0.78,0.86] 0.00
Viral Suppression
N=18,449 (451 for women, 17,998 for men)
WOMEN (relative to men) 0.83 [0.78,0.89] <0.001 N/A 0.85 [0.79,0.91] <0.001 N/A
 Level of Alcohol Use‡
  Non-drinking (0) -- ref . 0.02 -- ref . <0.01
  Low-Level (1–2 women) 0.93 [0.80,1.07] 0.30 0.96 [0.83,1.12] 0.62
  Medium-Level (3–5 women) 0.84 [0.63,1.12] 0.23 0.88 [0.66,1.16] 0.35
  High-Level (6–7) 0.85 [0.43,1.66] 0.63 0.87 [0.46,1.66] 0.68
  Very High Level (8–12) 0.28 [0.10,0.80] 0.02 0.31 [0.11,0.86] 0.02
MEN (referent) -- -- . N/A -- -- . N/A
 Level of Alcohol Use§
  Non-drinking (0) -- ref . <0.01 -- ref . <0.01
  Low-Level (1–3 men) 0.97 [0.95,0.99] 0.00 0.99 [0.97,1.01] 0.27
  Medium-Level (4–5 men) 0.86 [0.83,0.90] 0.00 0.88 [0.85,0.92] 0.00
  High-Level (6–7) 0.80 [0.74,0.86] 0.00 0.82 [0.77,0.89] 0.00
  Very High Level (8–12) 0.65 [0.60,0.70] 0.00 0.68 [0.63,0.73] 0.00
*

Adjusted for race/ethnicity, gender, fiscal year of AUDIT-C screening, age, and any mental health and non-alcohol substance use disorders

†

Linear trend tested using orthogonal polynomial contrasts

‡

Ns = 539, 523, 75, 12, and 22 for no alcohol use, low-, mild-, moderate-, and high-severity alcohol use

§

Ns = 14907, 12662, 2610, 873, and 1201 for no alcohol use, low-, mild-, moderate-, and high-severity alcohol use