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. 2018 Sep 13;8:13730. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31877-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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AGEs suppressed glycolysis during VSMC calcification. (A) Lactate production and glucose concentrations were analyzed at different time points after AGE-BSA treatment. *P < 0.05 compared with the control group. (B) HK, LDH, IDH, G6PD, and G6pase expression levels in calcified VSMCs after AGE-BSA exposure were determined by qRT-PCR. *P < 0.05 compared with the control group. ^#P < 0.05 compared with the AGE-BSA (400 μg/ml) group. (C) Calcified VSMCs were pretreated with DCA or PDK4 siRNA and then treated with AGE-BSA (200 μg/ml) for another 24 h. Lactate production was measured by the lactate assay kit. *P < 0.05 vs. the indicated treatment.