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. 2018 Sep 7;9:1930. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01930

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Copyright © 2018 Ruytinx, Proost, Van Damme and Struyf.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Phenotypic features of CXCL4- and CXCL4L1-induced macrophages. CXCL4-induced macrophages display a pro-atherogenic phenotype, characterized by the downregulation of the hemoglobin-haptoglobin scavenger receptor CD163 and the consequent downregulation of the HMOX1 enzyme compared to M-CSF-treated monocytes. Remarkably, the downregulation of HMOX1 is not observed in CXCL4L1-induced macrophages, which also show reduced expression of CD163. Both phenotypes show a downregulation of the mannose receptor (MRC) CD206. The expression of the chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR5 and the secretion of pro-inflammatory chemokines CXCL8 and CCL2 are higher on CXCL4L1-treated monocytes compared to CXCL4-stimulated monocytes, thereby indicating more pro-inflammatory characteristics for CXCL4L1- than CXCL4-stimulated monocytes.