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. 2018 Sep 13;8:13766. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31822-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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β-Hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) increased the expression of genes encoding enzymes related to ketolytic pathways and genes that phenocopy caloric restriction responses. (A) Diagram illustrating the treatment of bovine skin fibroblasts for 96 h with 2 mM of BOHB to mimic levels attained systemically by ketotic cows. (B) Quantification of transcripts in bovine skin fibroblasts cultured either with (2 mM) or without (control) BOHB for 96 h. Transcript quantities were normalized to the geometric mean of three housekeeping genes (GUSB, PPIA and RPL15). Data are presented as fold change in relation to the control group, and the values are shown as the mean ± s.e.m. Gene expression data from 5 biological replicates. Different letters indicate a significant difference (P < 0.05).