Fig. 1. General catalytic cycle for C–C cross-coupling reactions. Coupling partners (R) depend on specific cross-coupling reactions. Suzuki coupling undergoes a ligand exchange step replacing Br by an alkoxy group before transmetallation (Rxn B). The dissociated compound in Rxn B is alkoxy–R instead of Br–R and R is [B(OH)2(OtBu)]– for the Suzuki reaction.39,40 .
