Cultures from flight mice produced increased proinflammatory cytokines to OVA peptide restimulation compared with ground mice. OVA-specific cytokine response was measured by restimulating splenocytes with OVA peptide for 3 d and subtracting level from parallel cultures stimulated with medium alone. Production of proinflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and GM-CSF) and T-cell subset cytokines (Th1 represented by IFN-γ, Th2 represented by IL-4, Th17 represented by IL-17, and T regulatory type 1 cells represented by IL-10) was measured by multiplex assay. G, ground; F, flight. *P < 0.05 (2-tailed Student’s t test). All groups n = 4, except for flight control n = 3. Error bars represent se.