Table 3.

Milking routine and milk handling practices (% herds) in the sample herds.

Variable		Smallholder peri-urban herds (n = 32)	Smallholder rural herds (n = 82)	Pastoral herds (n = 15)	Chi-Sq significance
Hand washing	Yes	100.0	93.8	0.0	67.9***
	No	0.0	6.3	100.0
Udder washing	Use cold water	0.0	12.5	0.0	73.5***
	Use warm water	100.0	81.3	0.0	–
	No water used	0.0	6.3	100.0
Pre-milking palpation	Yes	100.0	100.0	100.0	–
	No	0.0	0.0	0.0
Calves suckling prior to milking	Yes	0.0	68.8	93.3	113.7***
	No	100.0	31.3	6.7
Dry udder prior to milking	Yes	100.0	0.0	0.0	79.0***
	No	0.0	100.0	100.0
Post-milking treatment	Yes	0.0	0.0	0.0	–
	No	100.0	100.0	100.0
Type of milking containers	Aluminum	0.0	31.3	0.0	16.8***
	Plastic	100.0	68.8	100.0
Bulking container	Aluminum	50.0	62.5	0.0	21.3***
	Plastic	50.0	37.5	100.0
Sample (n)		32	82	15

^***P < 0.0001.