Table 1.
Patients’ epidemiological characteristics and univariate analysis of multidrug-resistance in gram-negative bacteria
| Entire Cohort (n = 948) |
Susceptible (n = 691) |
MDR (n = 257) |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male gender, n (%) | 420 (44.3) | 270 (39.1) | 150 (58.4) | < 0.001 |
| Mean age (SD), years | 65.8 (18.2) | 65.6 (18.6) | 66.5 (16.8) | 0.526 |
| Elective admission, n (%) | 141 (14.9) | 97 (14) | 44 (17.1) | 0.236 |
| Admission reason: conditions other than cUTI, n (%) | 326 (34.4) | 214 (31) | 112 (43.6) | < 0.001 |
| Place of residency: long-term care facility, n (%) | 165 (17.4) | 98 (14.2) | 67 (26.1) | < 0.001 |
| Underlying disease, n (%) | ||||
| Acute myocardial infarction | 79 (8.3) | 56 (8.1) | 23 (8.9) | 0.676 |
| Congestive heart failure | 182 (19.2) | 134 (19.4) | 48 (18.7%) | 0.804 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 70 (7.4) | 55 (8) | 15 (5.8) | 0.267 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 182 (19.2) | 122 (17.7) | 60 (23.3) | 0.048 |
| Dementia | 130 (13.7) | 93 (13.5) | 37 (14.4) | 0.709 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 135 (14.2) | 91 (13.2) | 44 (17.1) | 0.122 |
| Connective tissue disease | 21 (2.2) | 15 (2.2) | 6 (2.3) | 0.879 |
| Peptic ulcer | 46 (4.9) | 34 (4.9) | 12 (4.7) | 0.873 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 250 (26.4) | 186 (26.9) | 64 (24.9) | 0.531 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 263 (27.7) | 191 (27.6) | 72 (28) | 0.909 |
| Hemiplegia | 86 (9.1) | 58 (8.4) | 28 (10.9) | 0.233 |
| Leukaemia | 9 (0.9) | 6 (0.9) | 3 (1.2) | 0.673 |
| Lymphoma | 13 (1.4) | 11 (1.6) | 2 (0.8) | 0.338 |
| Chronic liver disease | 50 (5.3) | 35 (5.1) | 15 (5.8) | 0.637 |
| Solid tumour | 114 (12.3) | 75 (11.1) | 39 (15.4) | 0.075 |
| Metastatic tumour | 47 (5) | 35 (5.1) | 12 (4.7) | 0.803 |
| Valvulopathy | 88 (9.3) | 69 (10) | 19 (7.4) | 0.221 |
| HIV infection | 10 (1.1) | 8 (1.2) | 2 (0.8) | 0.611 |
| Charlson index ≥ 3, n (%) | 418 (44.1) | 299 (43.3) | 119 (46.3) | 0.403 |
| Organ transplant, n (%) | 65 (6.9) | 45 (6.5) | 20 (7.8) | 0.492 |
| Immunosuppression, n (%) | 94 (9.9) | 64 (9.3) | 30 (11.7) | 0.270 |
| Steroids, n (%) | 68 (7.2) | 46 (6.7) | 22 (8.6) | 0.313 |
| Functional capacity: dependent, n (%) | 436 (46.1) | 298 (43.3%) | 138 (53.9) | 0.003 |
| Prior UTI (within the previous year), n (%) | 247 (26.1) | 167 (24.2) | 80 (31.2) | 0.027 |
| Prior antibiotics (within the previous 30 days), n (%) | 190 (20.1) | 120 (17.4) | 70 (27.6) | 0.001 |
| Prior quinolone | 64 (6.8) | 38 (5.5) | 26 (10.2) | 0.010 |
| Prior Penicillin | 55 (5.8) | 35 (5.1) | 20 (7.9) | 0.103 |
| Prior cephalosporin | 42 (4.4) | 27 (3.9) | 15 (5.9) | 0.188 |
| Prior Carbapenem | 22 (2.3) | 10 (1.4) | 12 (4.7) | 0.003 |
| Prior other antibiotics | 51 (5.4) | 31 (4.5) | 20 (7.9) | 0.042 |
| Acquisition in a medical care facility, n (%) | 410 (43.2) | 244 (35.3) | 166 (64.6) | < 0.001 |
| Source of cUTI, n (%) | ||||
| Indwelling urinary catheterisation | 308 (32.5) | 189 (27.4) | 119 (46.3) | < 0.001 |
| Pyelonephritis with normal tract anatomy | 196 (20.7) | 164 (23.7) | 32 (12.5) | < 0.001 |
| Obstructive uropathy | 152 (16) | 114 (16.5) | 38 (14.8) | 0.523 |
| Urinary tract diversion | 84 (8.9) | 64 (9.3) | 20 (7.8) | 0.476 |
| Other | 208 (21.9) | 160 (23.2) | 48 (18.7) | 0.139 |
| Shock/severe sepsis, n (%) | 140 (15.9) | 104 (16.2) | 36 (14.9) | 0.635 |
MDR multidrug resistance, SD standard deviation, cUTI complicated urinary tract infection, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, UTI urinary tract infection