Table 2.
Key regulators and their function in the development of the autonomic nervous system
| Cranial | Thoracolumbar | Sacral |
|---|---|---|
| Preganglionic neurons | ||
| Phox2b, Phox2aa | – | – |
| – | Olig2b | Olig2c |
| . | HoxC9d | nd |
| Tbx20e | – | – |
| – | FoxP1f | FoxP1g |
| – | Isl2h | nd |
| Postganglionic neurons | ||
| – | Gata3i | Gata3j |
| – | Hand1k | Hand1l |
| Hand2m | Hand2n | nd |
| – | HoxB8o | nd |
| Hmx1p | Hmx1q | nd |
| Hmx2 and 3r | -r | -r |
In this table transcriptional regulators are shown which are differentially expressed between preganglionic and postganglionic autonomic neurons at different levels of the rostrocaudal axis
aprogenitor domain specific expression [228]; neuronal differentiation, subtype specific marker expression [89, 229]; cell cycle exit promotion, controls migration to mantle layer [229]; pan neuronal induction, synchronization of subtype specification; repression of Olig 2 expression [175], neurite outgrowth, neuronal migration [176], promotion of TBX 20 and TBX 2 expression [152]; requirement for preganglionic neuron development [154]
bprogenitor domain specific expression; neuronal glial subtype choice [230, 231]; requirement for preganglionic neuron development [154]
crequirement for preganglonic neuron development [154]
dmRNA in embryonic mouse spinal cord caudal to T3; area of postmitotic cells [232]; protein in chick embryo; caudal brachial through thoracic; area of postmitotic cells [233]; expression in progenitors, differentiation requirement, neuronal migration [234]; axonal projection [235]; control of FoxP1 expression [235, 236]
eembryonic expression [154, 237]; cell migration [177]
fembryonic expression [154, 236]; segregation of motor neuron fates [236, 238]; axon projection [238]
gembryonic expression [154]
hexpression in somatic motoneurons (sm) but not in visceromotor (vm) or branchiomotor (bm) neurons in the hindbrain [227, 239, 240]; sm and vm/bm neurons at hindbrain levels are derived from different progenitors, whereas both are derived from the same progenitor in the spinal cord [212]; transient Isl2 expression required for preganglionic neuron development [212]
iexpression in embryonic mouse sympathetic ganglia [241]; differential expression in cranial parasympathetic versus sympathetic ganglia in mouse embryo [154]; lethality in mutant embryos, noradrenaline deficiency [242]; disturbed differentiation in mutant embryos [173, 225]; survival requirement in embryos and adult animals [174]
jexpression in pelvic ganglion [154]
kexpression in mouse SCG during embryonic, postnatal and adult stage, survival requirement, regulates TrkA expression [243]; embryonic expression in mouse sympathetic ganglia [154]
lexpression in embryonic pelvic ganglion [154]
mHand2 is expressed in the mouse sphenopalatine ganglion and is not connected to noradrenergic phenotype expression [147]; absence from majority of embryonic chick ciliary neurons [146, 148]
nexpression in chick sympathetic ganglia [244];cross-regulation with Phox2b, noradrenergic induction [226]; Hand1 induction [223, 245]; Th and Dbh induction [150, 223, 224]; maintenance of Th and Dbh expression [149]
oexpression in chick embryonic sympathetic ganglia, absence from embryonic chick ciliary ganglia, Hand2 induction in neural crest progenitors, Th and Dbh inductionin neural crest progenitors [148]
ptransient expression in mouse ciliary ganglion [246]
qmaintained expression in mouse sympathetic ganglia, required for TrkA expression, for Th maintenance, not for Vmat2 and Dbh [143]
rexpression in mouse parasympathetic ganglia but not in mouse sympathetic and pelvic ganglia [154]
nd Not determined