TABLE 2.
Imidacloprid and its metabolites detected by liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry in the crop contents and liver samples collected from Cape spurfowl that died in the Western Cape.
| Metabolite nra | Compound | Formula | Retention time (min) | Accurate mass [M+H+] | Crop peak area (cps) | Liver peak area (cps) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | Imidaclopridb | C9H10ClN5O2 | 8.53 | 256.0595788 | 5.70 × 109 | 3.10 × 107 |
| M01/M02 | Hydroxyimidaclopridb | C9H10ClN5O3 | 7.72 | 272.0544934 | 1.83 × 108 | 7.10 × 106 |
| M03 | Dihydroxyimidaclopridc | C9H10ClN5O4 | 7.43 | 288.0494080 | 3.53 × 106 | 3.62 × 106 |
| M06 | Imidacloprid-olefinb | C9H8ClN5O2 | 7.43 | 254.0439288 | 6.20 × 107 | 1.11 × 107 |
| M07 | Imidacloprid-nitrosiminec | C9H10ClN5O | 7.24 | 240.0646642 | 1.90 × 108 | ND |
| M08 | Imidacloprid-aminoc | C9H12ClN5 | 5.78 | 226.0853997 | ND | 5.46 × 106 |
| M09 | Imidacloprid-denitrob | C9H11ClN4 | 4.34 | 211.0745007 | 1.63 × 108 | 4.22 × 107 |
| M12 | Imidacloprid-ureab | C9H10ClN3O | 7.68 | 212.0585162 | 1.76 × 108 | 1.23 × 107 |
| M13 | Urea compoundc | C7H8ClN3O | 5.93 | 186.0428662 | 2.43 × 106 | 8.77 × 106 |
| M14 | 6-Chloronicotinic acidc | C6H4ClNO2 | 8.12 | 158.0003326 | 8.51 × 105 | ND |
| M23 | Imidacloprid-denitro-olefinb | C9H9ClN4 | 4.13 | 209.0588434 | 4.72 × 106 | 1.32 × 108 |
| M31/M32 | Keto-imidaclopridc | C9H8ClN5O3 | 9.0 | 270.0388434 | 4.24 × 106 | ND |
| M33/M34 | NTN33896-diketonec | C9H8ClN3O2 | 7.19 | 226.0377808 | 8.78 × 106 | 4.54 × 106 |
| M40 | Formyl-AMCPc | C7H7ClN2O | 6.38 | 171.0319671 | 3.94 × 107 | 6.62 × 105 |
cps, counts per second; ND, not detected.
a
, Metabolite numbers were taken from http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agphome/documents/Pests_Pesticides/JMPR/Evaluation02/IMIDA_EVjjb.pdf.
b
, confirmed with MS2 library spectrum.
c
, identified using accurate mass and isotope ratios.