Gender Norms, Violence in Childhood, and Men’s Coercive Control in Marriage: A Multilevel Analysis of Young Men in Bangladesh

. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Psychol Violence. 2017 Oct 12;8(5):580–595. doi: 10.1037/vio0000152

Gender-Equitable Attitudes (higher=more equitable attitudes)	Model 1 Alcohol Consumption (ref. none)	Model 2 Islam (ref. no)	Model 3 Steady Work During Year (ref. no)	Model 4 Owns Home (ref. no)	Model 5 Owns TV (ref. no)	Model 6 Mean No. Children	Model 7 Mean Age of Spouse	Model 8 Mean Age of Respondent	Model 9 Important Male in Life (ref. no)

	γ̂ (SE)	γ̂ (SE)	γ̂ (SE)	γ̂ (SE)	γ̂ (SE)	γ̂ (SE)	γ̂ (SE)	γ̂ (SE)	γ̂ (SE)
Intercept (γ̂₀₀)	0.61 (0.06)^***	0.74 (0.11)^***	0.61 (0.06)^***	0.61 (0.06)^***	0.62 (0.06)^***	0.57 (0.06)^***	0.65 (0.07)^***	0.70 (0.08)^***	0.61 (0.06)^***
Community-Level Variables (Senior Men)^a
Senior Men’s Gender Norms count ^a, ^b (γ̂₀₁)	0.19 (0.05)^***	0.18 (0.05)^***	0.19 (0.05)^***	0.18 (0.05)^***	0.18 (0.05)^***	0.19 (0.05)^***	0.19 (0.05)^***	0.18 (0.05)^***	0.18 (0.05)^***
Senior Men’s Grades of Schooling ^a, ^b (γ̂₀₂)	0.02 (0.02)	0.02 (0.02)	0.02 (0.02)	0.02 (0.02)	0.02 (0.02)	0.02 (0.02)	0.02 (0.02)	0.02 (0.02)	0.02 (0.02)
Junior Men’s Exposure to Violence count ^b,^d (γ̂₀₃)	−0.12 (0.06)^*	−0.12 (0.06)^*	−0.12 (0.06)^*	−0.12 (0.06)^*	−0.12 (0.06)^*	−0.11 (0.06)^*	−0.13 (0.06)^*	−0.13 (0.06)^*	−0.12 (0.06)
Senior Men’s Perpetration of Physical Intimate Partner Violence count ^a,^b (γ̂₀₄)	0.09 (0.07)	0.09 (0.07)	0.08 (0.07)	0.08 (0.07)	0.07 (0.07)	0.08 (0.07)	0.08 (0.07)	0.08 (0.07)	0.08 (0.07)
Individual-Level Variables (Junior Men)
Exposure to Violence in Childhood count ^c,^d (γ̂₁₀)	−0.02 (0.02)	−0.01 (0.02)	−0.01 (0.02)	−0.01 (0.02)	−0.01 (0.02)	−0.02 (0.02)	−0.01 (0.02)	−0.01 (0.02)	−0.02 (0.02
Perpetration of Physical Intimate Partner Violence count (γ̂₂₀)	−0.15 (0.03)^***	−0.15 (0.03)^***	−0.15 (0.03)^***	−0.15 (0.03)^***	−0.14 (0.03)^***	−0.13 (0.03)^***	−0.15 (0.03)^***	−0.15 (0.03)^***	−0.14 (0.03)^***
Control Variable ^c,^d (γ̂₃₀)	0.21 (0.11)^*	−0.14 (0.10)	0.32 (0.12)^**	−0.10 (0.07)	0.20 (0.07)^**	−0.07 (0.03)^*	0.01 (0.01)	0.01 (0.01) ^†	0.16 (0.08)^*
Cross-Level Interaction
Exposure to Violence in Childhood count ^c,^d X Senior Men’s Gender Norms count ^a,^b (γ̂₁₁)	0.04 (0.02)^*	0.05 (0.02)^*	0.05 (0.02)^**	0.05 (0.02)^**	0.04 (0.02)^*	0.04 (0.02)^*	0.05 (0.02)^**	0.05 (0.02)^**	0.04 (0.02)
Random Effects
τ̂ (SE)	0.05 (−0.02)	0.06 (−0.02)	0.06 (−0.02)	0.05 (−0.02)	0.05 (−0.02)	0.05 (−0.02)	0.06 (−0.02)	0.06 (−0.02)	0.05 (−0.02)

Married men 35–49 years.

Variable is grand-mean centered.

Married men 18–34 years.

Variable is group-mean centered.

Note:

^†

p < 0.10.

p < 0.05.

^**

p < 0.01.

^***

p <.001.