Gender Norms, Violence in Childhood, and Men’s Coercive Control in Marriage: A Multilevel Analysis of Young Men in Bangladesh

. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Psychol Violence. 2017 Oct 12;8(5):580–595. doi: 10.1037/vio0000152

Controlling Behavior in Marriage (higher=more agreement with CB)	Model 1 Alcohol Consumption (ref. none)	Model 2 Islam (ref. no)	Model 3 Steady Work During Year (ref. no)	Model 4 Owns Home (ref. no)	Model 5 Owns TV (ref. no)	Model 6 Mean No. Children	Model 7 Mean Age of Spouse	Model 8 Mean Age of Respondent	Model 9 Important Male in Life (ref. no)

	γ̂ (SE)	γ̂ (SE)	γ̂ (SE)	γ̂ (SE)	γ̂ (SE)	γ̂ (SE)	γ̂ (SE)	γ̂ (SE)	γ̂ (SE)
Intercept (γ̂ ₀₀)	1.43 (0.04)^***	1.29 (0.08)^***	1.43 (0.04)^***	1.43 (0.04)^***	1.43 (0.04)^***	1.44 (0.04)^***	1.39 (0.04)^***	1.45 (0.05)^***	1.44 (0.04)^***
Community-Level Variables (Senior Men)^a
Senior Men’s Gender Norms count ^a, ^b (γ̂ ₀₁)	−0.13 (0.03)^***	−0.13 (0.03)^***	−0.13 (0.03)^***	−0.13 (0.03)^***	−0.14 (0.03)^***	−0.13 (0.03)^***	−0.13 (0.03)^***	−0.13 (0.03)^***	−0.13 (0.03)^***
Senior Men’s Grades of Schooling ^a, ^b (γ̂ ₀₂)	0.01 (0.01)	0.01 (0.01)	0.02 (0.01)	0.01 (0.01)	0.02 (0.01)	0.01 (0.01)	0.02 (0.01)	0.01 (0.01)	0.02 (0.01)
Junior Men’s Exposure to Violence count ^b,^d (γ̂₀₃)	0.04 (0.04)	0.03 (0.03)	0.04 (0.04)	0.04 (0.04)	0.03 (0.04)	0.04 (0.04)	0.04 (0.04)	0.04 (0.04)	0.04 (0.04)
Senior Men’s Perpetration of Physical Intimate Partner Violence count ^a,^b (γ̂₀₄)	0.02 (0.04)	0.02 (0.04)	0.02 (0.04)	0.03 (0.04)	0.03 (0.04)	0.02 (0.04)	0.02 (0.04)	0.02 (0.04)	0.02 (0.04)
Individual-Level Variables (Junior Men)
Exposure to Violence in Childhood count ^c,^d (γ̂₁₀)	0.02 (0.01) ^†	0.03 (0.01) ^†	0.02 (0.01) ^†	0.03 (0.01) ^†	0.03 (0.01) ^†	0.02 (0.01) ^†	0.03 (0.01) ^†	0.02 (0.01) ^†	0.02 (0.01) ^†
Perpetration of Physical Intimate Partner Violence count (γ̂₂₀)	0.00 (0.02)	0.00 (0.02)	0.00 (0.02)	0.00 (0.02)	0.00 (0.02)	0.00 (0.02)	0.00 (0.02)	0.00 (0.02)	0.00 (0.02)
Control Variable ^c,^d (γ̂₃₀)	0.03 (0.09)	0.15 (0.08) ^†	0.01 (0.08)	0.10 (0.05) ^†	−0.06 (0.05)	0.00 (0.02)	−0.01 (0.01)	0.00 (0.01)	0.06 (0.06)
Random Effects
τ̂ (SE)	0.01 (−0.01)	0.01 (−0.01)	0.01 (−0.01)	0.01 (−0.01)	0.01 (−0.01)	0.01 (−0.01)	0.01 (−0.01)	0.01 (−0.01)	0.01 (−0.01)

Married men 35–49 years.

Variable is a grand-mean centered.

Variable is group-mean centered.

Married men 18–34.

Note:

^†

p < 0.10.

p < 0.05.

^**

p < 0.01.

^***

p <.001.