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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Acta Ophthalmol. 2018 Mar 14;96(6):e692–e700. doi: 10.1111/aos.13705

Table 2.

Cohort-specific and pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between total flavonoid and sub-class intakes and primary open-angle glaucoma in Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS)

Quintiles of intakes
P for trend
1 2 3 4 5
Total flavonoids
NHS: Median (mg/day) 125.6 196.5 267.5 376.8 674.7
 [Range (mg/day)] [10.5–164.0] [164.1–228.7] [228.8–313.3] [313.4–476.4] [476.5–3110.0]
 Cases/Person-years 187/229,056 220/229,913 201/229,986 250/229,903 200/229,833
 Age-adjusted model 1.00 (ref) 1.10 (0.90, 1.34) 0.97 (0.79, 1.19) 1.20 (0.99, 1.46) 0.99 (0.81, 1.21) 0.78
 Multivariable model1 1.00 (ref) 1.06 (0.87, 1.30) 0.93 (0.76, 1.14) 1.13 (0.93, 1.38) 0.95 (0.77, 1.16) 0.51
HPFS: Median (mg/day) 133.7 207.0 277.1 373.7 622.6
 [Range (mg/day)] [10.8–174.6] [174.7–239.9] [240.0–317.1] [317.2–456.1] [456.2–2901.0]
 Cases/Person-years 95/110,879 104/111,575 121/111,880 103/111,979 94/111,801
 Age-adjusted model 1.00 (ref) 1.02 (0.77, 1.35) 1.19 (0.90, 1.56) 0.93 (0.70, 1.24) 0.89 (0.67, 1.20) 0.25
 Multivariable model1 1.00 (ref) 1.01 (0.75, 1.34) 1.16 (0.88, 1.53) 0.92 (0.68, 1.23) 0.84 (0.62, 1.14) 0.15
POOLED: Multivariable model1,2 1.00 (ref) 1.04 (0.89, 1.23) 1.00 (0.85, 1.18) 1.06 (0.90, 1.25) 0.91 (0.77, 1.08) 0.19
Flavonols
NHS: Median (mg/day) 7.5 11.0 14.0 18.1 27.2
 [Range (mg/day)] [1.4–9.3] [9.4–12.2] [12.3–15.5] [15.6–21.1] [21.2–101.4]
 Multivariable model1 1.00 (ref) 0.89 (0.73, 1.09) 0.96 (0.79, 1.17) 1.14 (0.94, 1.38) 0.87 (0.71, 1.07) 0.47
HPFS: Median (mg/day) 8.2 12.3 15.6 20.0 28.9
 [Range (mg/day)] [1.2–10.4] [10.5–13.6] [13.7–17.2] [17.3–22.7] [22.8–107.0]
 Multivariable model1 1.00 (ref) 1.01 (0.77, 1.33) 0.87 (0.65, 1.15) 0.89 (0.67, 1.18) 0.72 (0.53, 0.96) 0.01
POOLED: Multivariable model1,2 1.00 (ref) 0.93 (0.79, 1.10) 0.93 (0.79, 1.09) 1.05 (0.90, 1.23) 0.82 (0.69, 0.97) 0.05
Monomeric flavanols
NHS: Median (mg/day) 10.0 18.1 30.4 54.9 124.1
 [Range (mg/day)] [0.7–14.1] [14.2–23.1] [23.2–40.2] [40.3–77.7] [77.8–705.9]
 Multivariable model1 1.00 (ref) 1.02 (0.83, 1.24) 1.08 (0.89, 1.31) 1.11 (0.91, 1.35) 0.91 (0.74, 1.12) 0.19
HPFS: Median (mg/day) 11.1 19.2 28.9 47.1 103.0
 [Range (mg/day)] [0.5–15.4] [15.5–23.5] [23.6–35.8] [35.9–65.2] [65.3–646.6]
 Multivariable model1 1.00 (ref) 0.94 (0.70, 1.24) 0.98 (0.74, 1.30) 1.00 (0.76, 1.32) 0.76 (0.56, 1.02) 0.05
POOLED: Multivariable model1,2 1.00 (ref) 0.99 (0.84, 1.16) 1.04 (0.89, 1.23) 1.07 (0.91, 1.26) 0.86 (0.72, 1.02) 0.04
Polymeric flavanols
NHS: Median (mg/day) 62.4 107.9 157.8 238.3 461.7
 [Range (mg/day)] [2.3–86.4] [86.5–130.0] [130.1–190.8] [190.9–312.1] [312.2–2410.9]
 Multivariable model1 1.00 (ref) 0.97 (0.80, 1.19) 0.97 (0.80, 1.18) 1.10 (0.90, 1.33) 0.88 (0.72, 1.09) 0.25
HPFS: Median (mg/day) 61.8 106.5 153.6 224.3 418.2
 [Range (mg/day)] [0.9–85.7] [85.8–128.2] [128.3–182.9] [183.0–287.3] [287.4–2266.1]
 Multivariable model1 1.00 (ref) 0.81 (0.61, 1.08) 0.95 (0.72, 1.25) 0.84 (0.63, 1.11) 0.78 (0.58, 1.04) 0.16
POOLED: Multivariable model1,2 1.00 (ref) 0.92 (0.78, 1.08) 0.96 (0.82, 1.13) 1.00 (0.86, 1.18) 0.85 (0.72, 1.00) 0.09
Anthocyanidins
NHS: Median (mg/day) 3.1 6.2 9.7 14.3 24.0
 [Range (mg/day)] [0.0–4.7] [4.8–7.8] [7.9–11.8] [11.9–17.8] [17.9–221.5]
 Multivariable model1 1.00 (ref) 1.12 (0.92, 1.36) 1.08 (0.88, 1.32) 1.08 (0.88, 1.32) 0.96 (0.78, 1.17) 0.32
HPFS: Median (mg/day) 2.9 6.0 9.9 15.3 26.6
 [Range (mg/day)] [0.0–4.8] [4.9–8.1] [8.2–12.6] [12.7–19.6] [19.7–425.5]
 Multivariable model1 1.00 (ref) 0.75 (0.57, 0.99) 0.77 (0.58, 1.01) 0.84 (0.64, 1.11) 0.75 (0.56, 0.99) 0.24
POOLED: Multivariable model1,2 1.00 (ref) 0.98 (0.83, 1.15) 0.96 (0.82, 1.13) 0.99 (0.84, 1.16) 0.88 (0.74, 1.04) 0.13
Flavones
NHS: Median (mg/day) 0.8 1.4 1.9 2.5 3.4
 [Range (mg/day)] [0.0–1.0] [1.1–1.6] [1.7–2.1] [2.2–2.7] [2.8–35.1]
 Multivariable model1 1.00 (ref) 1.09 (0.89, 1.33) 0.85 (0.69, 1.05) 0.98 (0.80, 1.19) 0.99 (0.81, 1.21) 0.74
HPFS: Median (mg/day) 1.0 1.7 2.4 3.1 4.3
 [Range (mg/day)] [0.0–1.3] [1.4–1.9] [2.0–2.6] [2.7–3.4] [3.5–42.1]
 Multivariable model1 1.00 (ref) 1.06 (0.79, 1.41) 1.02 (0.77, 1.37) 1.02 (0.76, 1.37) 0.90 (0.66, 1.21) 0.40
POOLED: Multivariable model1,2 1.00 (ref) 1.08 (0.92, 1.27) 0.91 (0.77, 1.08) 0.99 (0.84, 1.17) 0.96 (0.81, 1.13) 0.42
Flavanones
NHS: Median (mg/day) 10.4 24.5 38.2 53.4 78.9
 [Range (mg/day)] [0.0–17.5] [17.6–31.2] [31.3–45.3] [45.4–63.2] [63.3–321.2]
 Multivariable model1 1.00 (ref) 1.05 (0.86, 1.29) 1.04 (0.85, 1.27) 0.99 (0.81, 1.21) 1.02 (0.83, 1.24) 0.89
HPFS: Median (mg/day) 11.7 29.9 47.4 66.1 98.7
 [Range (mg/day)] [0.0–20.8] [20.9–38.4] [38.5–56.1] [56.2–78.3] [78.4–535.7]
 Multivariable model1 1.00 (ref) 1.07 (0.81, 1.43) 0.92 (0.68, 1.23) 0.91 (0.68, 1.21) 0.84 (0.62, 1.13) 0.11
POOLED: Multivariable model1,2 1.00 (ref) 1.06 (0.90, 1.25) 1.00 (0.85, 1.18) 0.96 (0.81, 1.13) 0.96 (0.81, 1.13) 0.25
1

Stratified by age in months and calendar time, adjusted for race (Caucasian, African, Asian, Other), family history (yes, no), self-reported diabetes, body mass index (<22, 22–23, 24–25, 26–27, 28–29, 30+ kg/m2), hypertension (yes, no), alcohol intake (0, 1–4, 5–14, 15–29, 30+ g/day), cigarette smoking (0, 1–9, 10–19, 20–29, 30+, pack-years), caffeine intake (quintiles of mg/day), physical activity (quartiles of MET-hours/week), number of eye exams reported during follow-up, and in NHS only additionally adjusted for age at menopause (20–44, 45–49, 50–53, 54+ years) and postmenopausal hormone status (premenopausal, current user, past user, non-user).

2

p-heterogeneity based on the multivariable models of linear trends of the two cohorts ≥ 0.11 for all flavonoid and flavonoid sub-classes examined