Table 4.
Pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between intakes of flavonoid-rich food1 and primary open-angle glaucoma in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS)
| Flavonoid source | Categories of intake (servings per week) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Apples, unit=1 whole fruit/week (median) |
0 − <0.5 (0.4) |
0.5 − <1.2 (0.8) |
1.2 − <2.5 (1.8) |
2.5 − <3.9 (3.1) |
3.9+ (5.3) |
P for trend |
| No. of cases2 | 262 | 292 | 382 | 298 | 323 | |
| POOLED RR3 (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 0.96 (0.81, 1.14) | 0.91 (0.77, 1.07) | 0.94 (0.79, 1.12) | 1.00 (0.84, 1.20) | 0.66 |
|
Blueberries, unit=½ cup/week (median) |
0 (0) |
0.1− <0.3 (0.1) |
0.3 − <0.5 (0.4) |
0.5 − <0.6 (0.5) |
0.6+ (1.0) |
|
| No. of cases | 591 | 384 | 127 | 239 | 217 | |
| POOLED RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 0.98 (0.85, 1.12) | 0.86 (0.70, 1.05) | 0.98 (0.84, 1.15) | 0.95 (0.80, 1.12) | 0.45 |
|
Onions, unit=1 whole onion/week (median) |
0 − <0.2 (0) |
0.2 − <0.5 (0.4) |
0.5 − <1.0 (0.7) |
1.0 − <2.0 (1.3) |
2.0+ (3.0) |
|
| No. of cases | 282 | 279 | 345 | 323 | 305 | |
| POOLED RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 0.90 (0.76, 1.07) | 1.05 (0.89, 1.24) | 0.99 (0.83, 1.17) | 0.99 (0.83, 1.18) | 0.87 |
|
Oranges, unit=1 whole fruit/week (median) |
0 − <0.4 (0.1) |
0.4 − <0.8 (0.6) |
0.8 − <1.5 (1.1) |
1.5 − <3.0 (2.2) |
3.0+ (4.3) |
|
| No. of cases | 350 | 305 | 307 | 381 | 215 | |
| POOLED RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.02 (0.87, 1.20) | 1.04 (0.89, 1.22) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.13) | 0.95 (0.79, 1.14) | 0.28 |
|
Orange juice, unit=1 small glass/week (median) |
0 − <0.5 (0.2) |
0.5 − <1.8 (1.1) |
1.8 − <3.5 (2.7) |
3.5 − <6.8 (5.0) |
6.8+ (7.0) |
|
| No. of cases | 361 | 276 | 304 | 352 | 262 | |
| POOLED RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 0.91 (0.77, 1.07) | 0.89 (0.76, 1.04) | 0.85 (0.73, 1.00) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.10) | 0.30 |
|
Strawberries, unit=½ cup/week (median) |
0 – <0.1 (0) |
0.1 − <0.5 (0.4) |
0.5 − <0.6 (0.5) |
0.6 − <0.9 (0.8) |
0.9+ (1.4) |
|
| No. of cases | 267 | 282 | 315 | 335 | 359 | |
| POOLED RR2 (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 0.97 (0.82, 1.16) | 0.95 (0.80, 1.13) | 1.07 (0.90, 1.28) | 0.97 (0.82, 1.16) | 0.91 |
|
Tea, unit=1 cup/week (median) |
0 (0) |
0.1 − <1.0 (0.5) |
1.0 − <3.5 (2.1) |
3.5 − <7.0 (5.3) |
7.0+ (13.1) |
|
| No. of cases | 280 | 413 | 360 | 275 | 226 | |
| POOLED RR2 (95% CI) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (0.86, 1.17) | 1.00 (0.85, 1.18) | 1.03 (0.87, 1.23) | 0.82 (0.68, 0.99) | 0.02 |
1
The top two contributors to the variation in the intake of the individual flavonoid subclasses in 1998 were included.
2
Total number across NHS and HPFS; number of cases are slightly different by food/beverage type due to missing values
3
Pooled results of multivariable analyses stratified by age, 2-yr period at risk, adjusted for total caloric intake and the same variables as in multivariable model in Table 2