Fig. 1.

LC3 can be detected around and inside Theileria annulata-infected macrophages. Visualisation of intracellular parasites (green; 1C12 monoclonal antibody) [56] and LC3 (red; rabbit polyclonal anti-LC3α/β antibody that recognises endogenous host LC3 [Santa Cruz Biotechnology, cat. No sc-292354] and Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated anti-rabbit Ig antibody) in T. annulata-infected macrophages. DAPI was used to counter-stain macrophage nuclei. The 3D-representations of spatial co-localizations of parasite and LC3 (A), as revealed by the removal of parasite staining (B). Confocal microscopy (C, D) also shows LC3 staining within the parasite, magnified in (E). Images were acquired by Spinning Disk Confocal Microscopy and analysed by ImageJ and Volocity software.