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. 2018 Sep 14;8:13818. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32313-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Biological effects of Mg²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Ca²⁺ in vitro and in a Zebrafish model. (a) Viability of HL-1 and Huh7 cells and HUVECs after treatment with indicated ion solutions for 12 h. (b) Biological status (normal or defective) of embryos at 6 hpf after treatment with indicated ion solutions. (c) Biological defects in embryos at 6 hpf after treatment with indicated ion solutions. *, #, &, and +, Significant difference vs. 0, 8, 16, and 32 mM Mg²⁺ ion, respectively. *, #, &, and +, Significant difference vs. 0, 32, 64, and 125 μM Zn²⁺ ion, respectively. * and #, Significant difference vs. 0 and 64 mM Ca²⁺ ion, respectively.