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. 2018 Sep 14;8:13818. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32313-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Biological effect of Al³⁺ in vitro and in a zebrafish model. (a) Viability of HL-1 and Huh7 cells and HUVECs after treatment with indicated ion solutions for 12 h. (b) Biological status of embryos (normal or defective) at 6 hpf after treatment with indicated ion solutions. (c) Biological defects in embryo at 6 hpf after treatment with indicated ion solutions. (d) Representative images of ion-treated zebrafish embryos used to determine heart rate. (e) Mean heart rate of zebrafish embryos following 48-, 72-, and 96-h treatments with different concentrations of Al³⁺. (f) Representative images of ion-treated zebrafish embryo used to determine liver size at 96 and 168 hpf. (e) Mean liver size of zebrafish embryos following 96-and 168-h treatments with indicated concentrations of Al³⁺. *, #, &, and +, Significant difference vs. 0, 2.5, and 5 μM of Al³⁺, respectively.