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. 2018 Sep 14;8:13857. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32216-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Expression level of ERK, cell growth profile, and lipid accumulation of C. reinhardtii grown in media containing 0.1 M NaCl with various concentrations of the ERK activator C6 ceramide. (A) Western blot analysis against anti-ERK1/2. ATPβ antibody was detected as a loading control. Full-length blots are presented in Supplementary Fig. S6. (B) Cell growth (O.D. 680 nm). (C) Nile red fluorescence measurement at 3 and 5 days after osmotic stress induction. Data are represented as mean ± SD (n = 3). Significant differences were determined by Student’s t-test and indicated by asterisks (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001).