Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants (n = 166).
| Characteristics at enrolment | LMP group (n = 80) | n(%) | Control group (n = 86) | n(%) | P value† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||||
| Age (years) | 33.2 ± 4.4 | 33.1 ± 4.1 | 0.801 | ||
| Gestational week | 6.8 ± 1.6 | 6.8 ± 1.5 | 0.942 | ||
| Body weight (kg) | 57.8 ± 10.8 | 59.9 ± 9.9 | 0.200 | ||
| Body height (cm) | 158.2 ± 5.5 | 157.8 ± 5.1 | 0.674 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.1 ± 3.9 | 24.1 ± 4.0 | 0.104 | ||
| Pre-pregnant weight (kg) | 56.6 ± 10.5 | 58.1 ± 9.6 | 0.327 | ||
| Pre-pregnant BMI (kg/m2) | 22.6 ± 3.8 | 23.4 ± 3.9 | 0.191 | ||
| Family history of diabetes at 1st degree relatives | 29(36.3%) | 28(32.6%) | 0.617 | ||
| Prior history of GDM or birth of child >=4 kg | 1(1.3%) | 0(0.0%) | 0.482 | ||
| Education level | |||||
| Secondary or below | 31(38.8%) | 41(47.7%) | 0.246 | ||
| Tertiary or above | 49(61.2%) | 45(52.3%) | |||
| Occupation status | |||||
| Working | 70(87.5%) | 71(82.6%) | 0.374 | ||
| Non-working‡ | 10(12.5%) | 15(17.4%) | |||
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 70(87.5%) | 81(94.2%) | 0.133 | ||
| Others§ | 10(12.5%) | 5(5.8%) | |||
| Monthly family income (HK$) | |||||
| Less than 20,000 | 13(16.2%) | 26(30.2%) | 0.034 | ||
| 20,000 or above | 67(83.8%) | 60(69.8%) | |||
| Parity | |||||
| 0 | 49(61.2%) | 50(58.1%) | 0.683 | ||
| 1 or more | 31(38.8%) | 36(41.9%) | |||
| Smoking ¶ | |||||
| Never smoke | 76(95.0%) | 83(96.5%) | 0.712 | ||
| Ex-smoker | 4(5.0%) | 3(3.5%) | |||
| Alcohol use | |||||
| Never | 65(81.2%) | 74(86.0%) | 0.403 | ||
| Ex-user/current user¶¶ | 15(18.8%) | 12(14.0%) | |||
LMP – lifestyle modification program. SD – standard deviation. BMI – body mass index. GDM – gestational diabetes mellitus. †P value by independent t test or Chi square/Fisher’s exact test where appropriate. ‡Non-working included unemployment and housewife. §Others included never married, widowed, separated, and divorced. ¶No current smoker in both the LMP group and the control group. ¶¶Only one subject in the LMP group was a current alcohol user.