Table 2.
Comparisons of energy and selected nutrient intakes as well as physical activity levels between the LMP group and the control group at <=12 weeks (T0) and 24–28 weeks (T2) (ITT analysis)†.
| Variable | Weeks of gestation | LMP group (n = 80) | Control group (n = 86) | P value‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (kcal/day) | <=12 weeks | 1775 ± 342 | 1652 ± 364 | 0.051 |
| 24–28 weeks | 1865 ± 386 | 2015 ± 434 | 0.040 | |
| Difference§ | 90 ± 417 | 363 ± 428 | <0.001 | |
| % of carbohydrates | <=12 weeks | 45.0 ± 6.5 | 43.7 ± 6.3 | 0.248 |
| 24–28 weeks | 43.7 ± 5.5 | 43.1 ± 6.9 | 0.596 | |
| Difference | −1.2 ± 7.0 | −0.5 ± 8.0 | 0.592 | |
| % of fat | <=12 weeks | 36.9 ± 5.3 | 37.3 ± 5.0 | 0.679 |
| 24–28 weeks | 37.2 ± 4.1 | 37.9 + 5.7 | 0.385 | |
| Difference | 0.3 ± 5.8 | 0.7 ± 7.1 | 0.747 | |
| % of saturated fat | <=12 weeks | 9.4 ± 1.9 | 9.3 ± 1.6 | 0.740 |
| 24–28 weeks | 9.4 ± 1.6 | 9.9 ± 1.9 | 0.113 | |
| Difference | 0.0 ± 2.1 | 0.6 ± 2.3 | 0.119 | |
| % of protein | <=12 weeks | 18.3 ± 2.4 | 19.3 ± 2.7 | 0.036 |
| 24–28 weeks | 19.4 ± 2.6 | 19.1 ± 3.6 | 0.623 | |
| Difference | 1.1 ± 2.8 | −0.1 ± 3.7 | 0.036 | |
| Fiber (g/1000 kcal) | <=12 weeks | 6.4 ± 2.2 | 6.2 ± 1.9 | 0.631 |
| 24–28 weeks | 6.7 + 1.7 | 6.4 ± 2.0 | 0.350 | |
| Difference | 0.3 ± 2.3 | 0.2 ± 1.8 | 0.719 | |
| Total PA (MET-minutes/week) | <=12 weeks | 693(330–2079) | 990(495–2153) | 0.155 |
| 24–28 weeks | 693(476–1626) | 1386(644–2772) | 0.030 | |
| Difference | 16.5(−693–417) | 165(−378–1047) | 0.105 | |
| Vigorous (MET-minutes/week) | <=12 weeks | 0(0–0) | 0(0–0) | 0.975 |
| 24–28 weeks | 0(0–0) | 0(0–0) | 0.086 | |
| Difference | 0(0–0) | 0(0–0) | 0.180 | |
| Moderate (MET-minutes/week) | <=12 weeks | 0(0–0) | 0(0–0) | 0.054 |
| 24–28 weeks | 0(0–0) | 0(0–0) | 0.211 | |
| Difference | 0(0–0) | 0(0–0) | 0.917 | |
| Walking (MET-minutes/week) | <=12 weeks | 693(297–1617) | 924(495–2030) | 0.198 |
| 24–28 weeks | 693(446–1386) | 1188(495–2772) | 0.125 | |
| Difference | 99(−693–446) | 0(−421–767) | 0.467 | |
| Sitting time (minutes/day) | <=12 weeks | 447 ± 182 | 448 ± 218 | 0.976 |
| 24–28 weeks | 387 ± 174 | 404 ± 208 | 0.606 | |
| Difference | −60 ± 140 | −44 ± 209 | 0.601 |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD or median (IQR). ITT – intention to treat. LMP – lifestyle modification program. SD – standard deviation. IQR – interquartile range. PA – physical activity. MET – metabolic equivalent of tasks. †Dietary data are presented based on 61 LMP participants and 69 control participants with complete dietary data at both <=12 weeks and 24–28 weeks. Physical activity data are presented based on 67 LMP participants and 69 control participants with complete physical activity data at both <=12 weeks and 24–28 weeks. ‡P value by independent t test or non-parametric Mann-Whitney test where appropriate. §Difference based on T2 (24–28 weeks) value minus T0 (<=12 weeks) value.