Table 3.
Comparisons of energy and selected nutrient intakes as well as physical activity levels between the high LMP adherence group and the control group at <=12 weeks (T0) and 24–28 weeks (T2) (PP analysis)†.
| Variable | Weeks of gestation | LMP group (n = 14) | Control group (n = 86) | P value‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (kcal/day) | <=12 weeks | 1704 ± 317 | 1652 ± 364 | 0.620 |
| 24–28 weeks | 1814 ± 319 | 2015 ± 434 | 0.104 | |
| Difference§ | 110 ± 395 | 363 ± 428 | 0.045 | |
| % of carbohydrates | <=12 weeks | 44.8 ± 9.3 | 43.7 ± 6.3 | 0.577 |
| 24–28 weeks | 46.9 ± 6.2 | 43.1 ± 6.9 | 0.068 | |
| Difference | 2.1 ± 9.3 | −0.5 ± 8.0 | 0.287 | |
| % of fat | <=12 weeks | 36.3 ± 7.5 | 37.3 ± 5.0 | 0.548 |
| 24–28 weeks | 34.8 ± 4.9 | 37.9 ± 5.7 | 0.060 | |
| Difference | −1.5 ± 7.7 | 0.7 ± 7.1 | 0.317 | |
| % of saturated fat | <=12 weeks | 8.7 ± 2.1 | 9.3 ± 1.6 | 0.240 |
| 24–28 weeks | 8.7 ± 1.6 | 9.9 ± 1.9 | 0.027 | |
| Difference | 0.0 ± 2.3 | 0.6 ± 2.3 | 0.360 | |
| % of protein | <=12 weeks | 19.0 ± 2.7 | 19.3 ± 2.7 | 0.743 |
| 24–28 weeks | 18.7 ± 2.3 | 19.1 ± 3.6 | 0.700 | |
| Difference | −0.3 ± 2.6 | −0.1 ± 3.7 | 0.904 | |
| Fiber (g/1000 kcal) | <=12 weeks | 6.7 ± 2.1 | 6.2 ± 1.9 | 0.382 |
| 24–28 weeks | 7.2 ± 2.2 | 6.4 ± 2.0 | 0.191 | |
| Difference | 0.5 ± 3.1 | 0.2 ± 1.8 | 0.751 | |
| Total PA (MET-minutes/week) | <=12 weeks | 594(309–1386) | 990(495–2153) | 0.175 |
| 24–28 weeks | 693(169–1782) | 1386(644–2772) | 0.079 | |
| Difference | 8(−703–276) | 165(−378–1047) | 0.292 | |
| Vigorous (MET-minutes/week) | <=12 weeks | 0(0–0) | 0(0–0) | 0.652 |
| 24–28 weeks | 0(0–0) | 0(0–0) | 0.430 | |
| Difference | 0(0–0) | 0(0–0) | 0.646 | |
| Moderate (MET-minutes/week) | <=12 weeks | 0(0–0) | 0(0–0) | 0.168 |
| 24–28 weeks | 0(0–0) | 0(0–0) | 0.176 | |
| Difference | 0(0–0) | 0(0–0) | 0.772 | |
| Walking (MET-minutes/week) | <=12 weeks | 594(309–1386) | 924(495–2030) | 0.252 |
| 24–28 weeks | 693(169–1782) | 1188(495–2772) | 0.175 | |
| Difference | 8(−703–276) | 0(−421–767) | 0.563 | |
| Sitting time (minutes/day) | <=12 weeks | 414 ± 179 | 448 ± 218 | 0.578 |
| 24–28 weeks | 347 ± 165 | 404 ± 208 | 0.341 | |
| Difference | −66 ± 117 | −44 ± 209 | 0.705 |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD or median (IQR). PP – per protocol. LMP – lifestyle modification program. SD – standard deviation. IQR – interquartile range. PA – physical activity. MET – metabolic equivalent of tasks.†Dietary and physical activity data are presented based on 14 LMP participants and 69 control participants with complete dietary and physical activity data at both <=12 weeks and 24–28 weeks. ‡P value by independent t test or non-parametric Mann-Whitney test where appropriate. §Difference based on T2 (24–28 weeks) value minus T0 (<=12 weeks) value.