Table 5.
Study outcomes between the high LMP adherence group and the control group (PP analysis).
| Outcomes | LMP group | Valid n† | Control group | Valid n | LMP vs. control | Crude P value | LMP vs. control | Adjusted P value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n(%) | Mean ± SD | n(%) | Mean ± SD | Crude OR/Mean difference‡ | 95% CI | Adjusted OR/Mean difference§ | 95% CI | |||||
| Primary outcome | ||||||||||||
| GDM at 24–28 weeks | 1(7.1%) | — | 14 | 23(26.7%) | — | 86 | 0.21 | 0.03–1.70 | 0.144 | 0.30 | 0.04–2.57 | 0.271 |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||||||||||
| SGA (<10th percentile) | 1(7.1%) | — | 14 | 12(14.3%) | — | 84 | 0.46 | 0.06–3.86 | 0.476 | 0.53 | 0.06–4.76 | 0.573 |
| LGA (>90th percentile) | 1(7.1%) | — | 14 | 6(7.1%) | — | 84 | 1.00 | 0.11–9.00 | 1.000 | 1.00 | 0.10–9.71 | 0.999 |
| Macrosomia (birth weight >=4 kg) | 0(0.0%) | — | 14 | 2(2.4%) | — | 85 | —¶¶¶ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Other maternal or delivery outcomes | ||||||||||||
| Preeclampsia | 0(0.0%) | — | 14 | 1(1.2%) | — | 84 | —¶¶¶ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Gestational hypertension | 0(0.0%) | — | 14 | 1(1.2%) | — | 84 | —¶¶¶ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Caesarean section¶ | 0(0.0%) | — | 11 | 16(20.5%) | — | 78 | —¶¶¶ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Preterm delivery | 0(0.0%) | — | 14 | 0(0.0%) | — | 84 | —¶¶¶ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Total gestational weight gain (kg) | — | 11.4 ± 3.0 | 13 | — | 11.8 ± 5.9 | 81 | −0.37 | −3.70–2.96 | 0.826 | −1.34 | −4.65–1.96 | 0.422 |
| Excessive gestational weight gain¶¶ | 0(0.0%) | — | 13 | 21(25.9%) | — | 81 | —¶¶¶ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Total gestational weight gain categories¶¶ | 0.016 | 0.049 | ||||||||||
| Below recommended range | 5(38.5%) | — | 13 | 33(40.7%) | — | 81 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Within recommended range | 8(61.5%) | — | 27(33.3%) | — | 1.96 | 0.57–6.68 | 1.59 | 0.43–5.90 | ||||
| Above recommended range | 0(0.0%) | — | 21(25.9%) | — | 0.00 | 0.00–0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.00 | ||||
| Other infant outcomes | ||||||||||||
| Gestation age at birth (week) | — | 39.2 ± 0.8 | 14 | — | 39.2 ± 1.0 | 84 | 0.02 | −0.56–0.59 | 0.953 | 0.03 | −0.58–0.63 | 0.933 |
| Birth weight (g) | — | 3122 ± 291 | 14 | — | 3128 ± 361 | 85 | −5.65 | −207.4–196.1 | 0.956 | 1.32 | −210.8–213.4 | 0.990 |
| Birth weight <2500 g | 0(0.0%) | — | 14 | 2(2.4%) | — | 85 | —¶¶¶ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Apgar score at 5 min <7 | 0(0.0%) | — | 14 | 1(1.2%) | — | 82 | —¶¶¶ | — | — | — | — | — |
| Shoulder dystocia | 0(0.0%) | — | 14 | 0(0.0%) | — | 83 | —¶¶¶ | — | — | — | — | — |
PP – per protocol. LMP – lifestyle modification program. SD – standard deviation. OR – odds ratio. CI – confidence interval. GDM – gestational diabetes mellitus. SGA – small for gestational age. LGA – large for gestational age. †Valid n for the particular variable and the % of the categorical variable was calculated based on the valid n. ‡Control as the reference category. §Adjusted for age (continuous), marital status (married vs. others), monthly family income (<HK$20,000 vs. >=HK$20,000) and pre-pregnant BMI (continuous). ¶Excluding those caesarean sections in private hospital due to maternal request (n = 10). ¶¶Based on US Institute of Medicine28. ¶¶¶Not applicable due to zero number of outcome variables.