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. 2018 Sep 14;9:3751. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06295-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Ketamine reduces hyperactivity of neurons in the ACC. a Experimental paradigm for electrophysiological recordings in free-moving rats. b Location of recording electrodes in the ACC. c Raster plots and peri-stimulus time histograms (PSTHs) of representative ACC neurons. Time 0 indicates the onset of noxious (PP) stimulation. d, e Raster plots and PSTHs for CFA-treated rats 5 days after receiving d saline or e ketamine infusion. f, g Chronic pain increased basal firing rates of ACC neurons, but ketamine treatment inhibited this increase. f Histogram showing the distribution of basal firing rates of neurons after saline or ketamine treatment in CFA-treated rats. g Median ± interquartile range for basal firing rates in naive rats, and in CFA-treated rats after ketamine or saline injection; n = 201 (−CFA), 195 (+CFA and saline), and 200 (+CFA and ketamine); p < 0.0001, Kruskal–Wallis test with post-hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons. See Methods. h, i Ketamine inhibited the enhancement of pain-evoked firing rates of ACC neurons in CFA-treated rats; p < 0.0001. h Histogram showing the distribution of peak firing rates for neurons after saline or ketamine treatment in CFA-treated rats. i Median ± interquartile range for pain-evoked firing rates in naive rats, and in CFA-treated rats after ketamine or saline injection; n = 201 (−CFA), 195 (+CFA and saline), and 200 (+CFA and ketamine); p < 0.0001. Error bars represent S.E.M. Scale bar equals 1000 μm in b. ^∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001