Table 2.
Summary of progesterone effects in different rodent TBI models
| Endpoint | weight-drop | CHI | CCI | FPI | ACI | Species | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Behavior | Locomotion deficits | 3 (6–10) | mice | |||||||
| 17 (15), 21 (7), 23 (5–8) | 1 (8), 5 (7–8), 6 (3–5), 7 (8), 11 (12), 13 (8–9), 16 (3–8), 18 (6–10), 19 (5), 20 (6), 22 (6–9) | 24 (5–6), 25 (6) | 15 (5–12) | rats | ||||||
| Cognitive deficits | 3 (6–10) | 4 (3–24) | mice | |||||||
| 10 (7), 12 (6), 14 (6), 17 (15) | 2 (10–12), 5 (7–8), 6 (3–5), 7 (8), 9 (7–9), 11 (12), 13 (8–9), 16 (3–8) | 1 (8) | 8 (5–12), 15 (5–12) | rats | ||||||
| Anxiety | mice | |||||||||
| 21 (7) | 18 (6–10), 26 (8) | rats | ||||||||
| Sociability | mice | |||||||||
| rats | ||||||||||
| Inhibitory control | mice | |||||||||
| rats | ||||||||||
| Neurodegeneration | Lesion size | 3 (6–10) | 4 (3–24) | mice | ||||||
| 5 (7–8), 13 (8–9), 16 (3–8), 18 (6–10), 22 (6–9), 25 (6) | 1 (8), 2 (10–12), 6 (3–5), 7 (8), 9 (7–9), 11 (12), 27 (5–6) | 28 (4–7) | rats | |||||||
| Neuronal count | mice | |||||||||
| 10 (7), 14 (6), 21 (7), 33 (2–5) | 2 (10–12), 5 (7–8). 6 (3–5) | rats | ||||||||
| Edema | 4 (3–24) | mice | ||||||||
| 33 (2–5), 34 (5), 35 (10) | 16 (3–8), 29 (5–12), 30 (5–6), 31 (5), 32 (6–12) | 27 (5–6) | rats | |||||||
| Cell death | mice | |||||||||
| rats | ||||||||||
| Necrotic neurons | mice | |||||||||
| 36 (6) | 22 (6–9), 38 (6) | 9 (7–9), 11 (12), 37 (3–13) | rats | |||||||
| Dendritic complexity | mice | |||||||||
| rats | ||||||||||
| Vasculature | CBF | mice | ||||||||
| rats | ||||||||||
| Evan's blue extravasation | 39 (10) | mice | ||||||||
| 34 (5), 35 (10), 40 (7) | rats | |||||||||
| Inflammation | Microgliosis | mice | ||||||||
| 16 (3–8) | rats | |||||||||
| Astrogliosis | mice | |||||||||
| 41 (5) | 16 (3–8), 18 (6–10), 22 (6–9) | 11 (12) | 15 (5–12) | rats | ||||||
| IL-6 | 45 (7–9) | mice | ||||||||
| 36 (6), 44 (7) | 43 (4) | 19 (5) | rats | |||||||
| CCL2 | 45 (7–9) | mice | ||||||||
| rats | ||||||||||
| TNFalpha | 45 (7–9) | mice | ||||||||
| 33 (2–5), 36 (6) | 26 (8), 32 (6–12), 42 (5), 43 (4) | 19 (5) | rats | |||||||
| IL-1beta | 45 (7–9) | 4 (3–24) | mice | |||||||
| 36 (6) | 40 (7), 44 (7) | 19 (5), 32 (6–12), 42 (5) | rats | |||||||
| CXCL1 | 45 (7–9) | mice | ||||||||
| rats | ||||||||||
| IL-10 | mice | |||||||||
| rats | ||||||||||
| COX-2 | mice | |||||||||
| 12 (6) | 43 (4) | rats | ||||||||
| iNOS | mice | |||||||||
| 14 (6) | rats | |||||||||
| data not found | beneficial effect | detrimental effect | no effect | variable-dependent | no TBI effect | |||||
The endpoints are presented on the left side and the species (mice or rats) on the right side. The different columns represent different TBI models: CHI (closed head injury), CCI (controlled cortical impact), FPI (fluid percussion injury) and ACI (aseptic cryogenic injury).
Red-colored cells represent beneficial progesterone effects, blue represent detrimental progesterone effects, yellow represent no progesterone effect, black indicate a variable-dependent progesterone effect (sex, time point or assay), and green indicate no deficit in the TBI model that could be influenced with progesterone. Grey cells represent end points where no data was available.
The numbers within each cell represent the references below, and the number following in the brackets is the “n” number per group in the corresponding study. The sex(es) used in the study is indicated in parentheses after the reference citation:
1 Nudi et al. 2015 (males), 2 Roof et al. 1994 (males), 3 Mannix et al. 2014 (both), 4 Jones et al. 2005 (both), 5 Shear et al. 2002 (males), 6 Djebaili et al 2004 (males), 7 Wali et al. 2001 (males), 8 Li et al. 2012 (males), 9 Hua et al. 2012 (males), 10 Uysal et al. 2013 (both), 11 Tang et al. 2013 (males), 12 Si et al. 2013 (males), 13 Geddes et al. 2014 (males), 14 Si et al. 2014 (males), 15 Webster et al. 2015 (males), 16 Wali et al. 2016 (males), 17 O’Connor et al. 2007 (both), 18 Cutler et al. 2006 (males), 19 Cekic et al. 2011 (males), 20 Cekic et al. 2012 (males), 21 Baykara et al. 2013 (both), 22 Peterson et al. 2015 (males), 23 Allitt et al. 2016 (males), 24 Grossman et al. 2000 (both), 25 Grossman et al. 2011 (males), 26 Cutler et al. 2005 (males), 27 Gilmer et al. 2008 (males), 28 Robertson et al. 2015 (both), 29 Roof et al. 1996 (both), 30 Wright et al. 2001 (males), 31 Guo et al. 2006 (males), 32 VanLandingham et al. 2006 (males), 33 Pan et al. 2007 (males), 34 O’Connor et al. 2005 (both), 35 Shahrokhi et al. 2012 (females). 36 Chen et al. 2008 (males), 37 Djebaili et al. 2005 (males), 38 Barha et al. 2011 (males), 39 Pascual et al. 2013 (males), 40 Khaksari et al. 2011 (females), 41 Liu et al. 2014 (males), 42 He et al. 2004 (males), 43 Cutler et al. 2007 (males), 44 Sarkaki et al. 2013 (females), 45 Hua et al. 2011 (males)