Table 1.
Factors associated with the composite NES Score
| Univariate1 | Multivariate without CLD | Multivariate with CLD | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | SE | P value | β | SE | P value | β | SE | P value | |
| Age 50 year or older (n=776) | 0.49 | 0.04 | <0.001 | 0.41 | 0.04 | <0.001 | 0.42 | 0.04 | <0.001 |
| Female (n= 2682) | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.3 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.007 |
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| Education | |||||||||
| Less than high school (n=911) | 1.06 | 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.80 | 0.06 | <0.001 | 0.85 | 0.06 | <0.001 |
|
| |||||||||
| BMI (vs. normal) | |||||||||
| Overweight (25–30) (n= 1544) | 0.16 | 0.04 | <0.001 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.005 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
| Obese (> 30) (n= 1309) | 0.33 | 0.05 | <0.001 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.002 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.004 |
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| Medical history | |||||||||
| Coronary artery disease (n= 67) | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.3 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.2 |
| Stroke (n= 29) | 0.79 | 0.28 | 0.007 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.3 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.3 |
| Diabetes (n= 224) | 0.52 | 0.14 | <0.001 | 0.29 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.27 | 0.12 | 0.03 |
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| Smoking | |||||||||
| Previous smoker (n= 930) | −0.05 | 0.05 | 0.3 | −0.01 | 0.04 | 0.8 | −0.07 | 0.04 | 0.1 |
| Active smoker (n= 1497) | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.03 | <0.001 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.08 |
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| |||||||||
| Alcohol consumption2 | |||||||||
| History of alcohol abuse (≥5 drinks daily) (n= 203) | 0.42 | 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.18 | 0.07 | 0.02 | |||
| Current heavy drinker (≥14 drinks per week) (n= 353) | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.3 | |||
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| Chronic liver disease | |||||||||
| Suspected CLD (n= 939)3 | 0.26 | 0.05 | <0.001 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.001 | |||
| Definitive CLD (n= 675)4 | 0.24 | 0.07 | 0.001 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.03 | |||
| Viral hepatitis (n = 152) | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.1 | ||||||
| ALD (n = 140) | 0.27 | 0.14 | 0.06 | ||||||
| NASH (n = 522) | 0.22 | 0.07 | 0.005 | ||||||
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| Advanced liver fibrosis | |||||||||
| APRI > 1 (n=50) | 0.40 | 0.19 | 0.04 | ||||||
ALD = alcoholic liver disease, APRI = ast-platelet ratio index, BMI = body mass index, NASH = nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
A composite NES score is created on the scale of standard deviation in reference to the mean of three NES2 components. Each component of the NES2 was first converted to its Z-score in the unit of standard deviation. For example, the Z-score for the SRTT was derived as follows: ZScore [SRTT] = (SRTT – Mean [SRTT])/Stdev [SRTT]. A composite NES score was calculated by the z-score transformation of the sum of three Z-scores of NES2 components: NES Score = (Total ZScore - Mean[Total ZScore])/Stdev [Total ZScore])
All univariate and multivariate regression analyses were adjusted for sampling weights
Coefficient referenced to mild-to-moderate drinking. Alcohol consumption is excluded in the multivariate analysis with CLD because it was used to define alcoholic CLD
Suspected CLD was defined by abnormal LFT using the following cutoff: ALT (males >30 IU/L, females >19 IU/L), or AST (>33 IU/L) or ALP (>100 IU/L)
Subclasses of CLD were not mutually exclusive.