Table 1.

Peripheral Nervous System Manifestations of HIV.

Peripheral Manifestation	Clinical Presentation	Mechanism
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) [231–235]	Slowly progressive weakness over ≥8 weeks Impaired sensory function in arms and legs	Autoimmune Peripheral nerve myelin sheath damage
Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (AIDP) [231–235]	Acutely to subacutely progressive weakness over < 8 weeks Impaired sensory function in arms and legs Paralysis	Autoimmune Peripheral nerve myelin sheath damage
Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy (DSP) [108 236–239]	Small-fiber sensory neuropathy Low levels of virological replication may lead to ongoing nerve damage	Autoimmune Systemic and CNS immune activation
Diffuse Infiltrative Lymphocytosis Syndrome (DILS) [240 241]	Causes peripheral neuropathy and inflammatory myopathy Sjögren-like disease	CD8+ T-cell lymphocytosis associated with a CD8+ T-cell infiltration of multiple organs
HIV-Associated Myopathy [104 242–245]	Clinically and pathologically similar to autoimmune polymyositis and/or inclusion body myositis Slowly progressive proximal and symmetric weakness	Inflammatory infiltrates of CD8+ T cells and macrophages surrounding major histocompatibility complex-I-expressing muscle fibers in endomysial parenchyma
Bell’s Palsy [246]	Lower motor neuron facial weakness Usually associated with aseptic meningitis during primary HIV infection	Inflammatory/autoimmune
Vasculitic Neuropathy/Mononeuritis Multiplex [247]	Multiple asymmetric motor and sensory deficits Very painful	Autoimmune May be related to CMV infection late in disease course
Brachial Plexopathy (Parsonage Turner Syndrome) [96 248]	Acute arm pain followed by weakness, sensory changes and atrophy	Autoimmune
Motor Neuron Disease [249]	Progressive asymmetric weakness, spasticity and bulbar symptoms	Neurodegeneration