Table 3.
Effect of intervention on blood lipids and insulin resistance (ITT)
| Variables | Group | Baseline | Week 8 | Change | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insulin (μIU/ml) | E-ADCR (n = 12) | 9.4 ± 3.6 | 6.5 ± 3.0b | − 2.9 ± 4.1 | 0.205 |
| ADCR (n = 13) | 9.3 ± 4.1 | 11.8 ± 12.9 | 2.6 ± 11.5 | ||
| Exercise (n = 10) | 7.5 ± 3.6 | 7.6 ± 3.5 | 0.1 ± 3.5 | ||
| Control (n = 10) | 8.5 ± 6.2 | 11.0 ± 7.7 | 2.6 ± 4.0 | ||
| Glucose (mg/dl) | E-ADCR (n = 12) | 98.0 ± 17.0 | 87.08 ± 12.70b | −10.9 ± 16.9 | 0.110 |
| ADCR (n = 13) | 90.0 ± 9.5 | 87.0 ± 8.1 | −3.0 ± 9.4 | ||
| Exercise (n = 10) | 93.0 ± 8.0 | 92.3 ± 7.2 | −0.7 ± 8.3 | ||
| Control (n = 10) | 87.0 ± 5.4 | 86.0 ± 5.7 | − 1.0 ± 5.0 | ||
| HOMA-IR | E-ADCR (n = 12) | 2.4 ± 1.4 | 1.4 ± 0.8b | − 0.9 ± 1.3 | 0.132 |
| ADCR (n = 13) | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 2.7 ± 3.3 | 0.6 ± 2.8 | ||
| Exercise (n = 10) | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 0.0 ± 0.8 | ||
| Control (n = 10) | 1.8 ± 1.4 | 2.4 ± 1.7 | 0.5 ± 0.9 | ||
| TG (mg/dl) | E-ADCR (n = 12) | 133.4 ± 47.1 | 89.7 ± 33.7a | − 43.8 ± 41.9c, d | 0.004 |
| ADCR (n = 13) | 108.8 ± 48.7 | 120.8 ± 80.6 | 12.0 ± 56.2 | ||
| Exercise (n = 10) | 142.7 ± 78.3 | 106.9 ± 42.7 | − 35.8 ± 55.8 | ||
| Control (n = 10) | 109.5 ± 86.8 | 130.7 ± 86.8 | 21.2 ± 31.0 | ||
| TC (mg/dl) | E-ADCR (n = 12) | 182.8 ± 26.0 | 197.1 ± 28.6 | 14.3 ± 22.9 | 0.475 |
| ADCR (n = 13) | 189.9 ± 23.91 | 193.9 ± 21.6 | 4.1 ± 19.6 | ||
| Exercise (n = 10) | 177.8 ± 33.4 | 191.9 ± 36.4 | 14.1 ± 25.3 | ||
| Control (n = 10) | 178.5 ± 38.0 | 194.8 ± 37.4a | 16.3 ± 13.6 | ||
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | E-ADCR (n = 12) | 48.0 ± 10.4 | 53.3 ± 10.5b | 5.3 ± 8.1 | 0.622 |
| ADCR (n = 13) | 58.5 ± 15.0 | 61.1 ± 15.4 | 2.6 ± 8.3 | ||
| Exercise (n = 10) | 44.8 ± 10.0 | 51.5 ± 8.6b | 6.7 ± 8.5 | ||
| Control (n = 10) | 54.6 ± 11.8 | 59.4 ± 12.4b | 4.9 ± 4.7 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD
E-ADCR Exercise plus alternate day calorie restriction, ADCR Alternate day calorie restriction, BMI Body mass index, WC Waist circumference, SBP Systolic blood pressure, DBP Diastolic blood pressure, HR Heart rate, HOMA-IR Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, TG Triglycerides, TC Total cholesterol, HDL-C High-density lipoprotein cholesterol
aSignificantly different between baseline and week 8, p < 0.01
bSignificantly different between baseline and week 8, p < 0.05
cSignificantly different with the control group, p < 0.05
dSignificantly different with the ADCR group, p < 0.05; p values were obtained by One-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc analysis