Table 2.
Variables associated with prenatal depressive symptoms, Ethiopia, 2016
| Variables | Depressive Symptoms Number (%) |
Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | p-value | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | Less than 25 years | 139 (8.6) | 0.59 (0.39–0.90) | 0.01 | 0.77 (0.47–1.26) | 0.294 |
| 25–35 years | 335 (11.8) | 0.85 (0.57–1.25) | 0.41 | 0.85 (0.55–1.32) | 0.474 | |
| Above 35 years | 32 (13.7) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| Religion | Orthodox | 71 (6.7) | 0.91 (0.58–1.42) | 0.68 | 0.80 (0.54–1.19) | 0.272 |
| Protestant & Catholic | 29 (6.1) | 2.05 (1.58–2.67) | < 0.001 | 0.85 (0.50–1.45) | 0.557 | |
| Muslim | 405 (12.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| Marital status | Married | 477 (10.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Unmarried | 29 (26.9) | 3.15 (2.04–4.87) | < 0.001 | 2.65 (1.59–4.44) | < 0.001 | |
| Education | Primary or below | 465 (11.4) | 1.77 (1.27–2.46) | < 0.001 | 1.07 (0.74–1.56) | 0.707 |
| Above primary | 41 (6.8) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| Family size | Less than five | 198 (8.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Five or more | 308 (12.5) | 1.46 (1.21–1.76) | < 0.001 | 1.36 (1.08–1.71) | 0.010 | |
| Wealth index | Lowest | 90 (9.7) | 0.81 (0.60–1.08) | 0.148 | ||
| Second | 125 (13.1) | 1.13 (0.86–1.48) | 0.397 | |||
| Middle | 78 (9.0) | 0.74 (0.55–1.01) | 0.059 | |||
| Fourth | 103 (10.4) | 0.87 (0.66–1.16) | 0.354 | |||
| Highest | 110 (11.8) | 1.0 | ||||
| Address | Gomma | 209 (13.4) | 2.26 (1.76–2.90) | < 0.001 | 3.04 (2.04–4.53) | < 0.001 |
| Tiro-Afeta | 197 (12.6) | 2.11 (1.64–2.71) | < 0.001 | 2.02 (1.34–3.05) | 0.001 | |
| Woliso | 100 (6.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| Household Food Insecurity | Secure | 76 (4.8) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Mildly insecure | 29 (4.8) | 1.02 (0.66–1.56) | 0.309 | 0.84 (0.54–1.31) | 0.445 | |
| Moderately insecure | 183 (9.9) | 2.21 (1.67–2.91) | 0.001 | 1.74 (1.31–2.32) | < 0.001 | |
| Severely insecure | 218 (34.4) | 10.51(7.92–13.94) | < 0.001 | 7.90 (5.87–10.62) | < 0.001 | |
| Fasting | Yes | 256 (10.5) | 1.0 | |||
| No | 250 (11.1) | 1.06 (0.88–1.27) | 0.539 | |||
| Haemoglobin Concentration |
11 g/dl or more | 325 (9.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Less than 11 g/dl | 181 (14.2) | 1.58 (1.30–1.91) | < 0.001 | 1.30 (1.04–1.61) | 0.019 | |
| Mid-upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) | Greater or equal to 23 cm | 270 (9.7) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Less than 23 cm | 236 (12.4) | 1.31 (1.09–1.57) | 0.005 | 0.96 (0.78–1.18) | 0.692 | |
| Chat chewing | Yes | 104 (15.1) | 1.58 (1.26–2.00) | < 0.001 | 0.94 (0.72–1.23) | 0.638 |
| No | 402 (10.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| Nutrition Related knowledge | Yes | 43 (13.7) | 1.0 | |||
| No | 463 (10.6) | 0.75 (0.54–1.05) | 0.094 | |||
| Maternal social support | Good support | 185 (7.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 | < 0.001 | |
| Poor support | 321 (14.6) | 2.13 (1.76–2.58) | < 0.001 | 1.63 (1.31–2.02) | ||
| Intimate partner violence | Yes | 69 (29.7) | 3.38 (2.59–4.42) | < 0.001 | 3.08 (2.23–4.25) | < 0.001 |
| No | 437 (9.8) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||