TABLE 1.

Median Values of Responses of the 5-Point Likert Scale Central-Line Self-Efficacy Survey (With 1 Being “Not At All Confident” and 5 Being “Very Confident”)

	Manikin			Robotic
	Median Pretest	Median Posttest	p Value	Median Pretest	Median Posttest	p Value
Obtaining a clear image of the target vessel using the ultrasound machine	3	4	**0.004	4	5	**0.007
Locating the needle on the ultrasound image	3	4	*0.011	4	4	0.192
Identifying the correct site of insertion on the skin for the introducer needle	3	4	**0.001	3	4	-
Using tactile feedback (sense of feel) during placement of the line	3	4	**0.002	2	4	**0.002
Using the ultrasound image/transducer, identifying the correct vessel for puncture	3	4	*0.021	4	5	0.092
Using tactile feedback, identifying the correct vessel for puncture	3	4	**0.002	2	4	**0.003
Advancing the introducer needle slowly and steadily	3	4	**0.001	3	4	**0.006
Modifying the needle trajectory based on ultrasound feedback	3	4	**0.004	3	4	*0.01
Identifying when the introducer needle is in the correct location	2	4	**0.001	3	4	*0.016
Using tactile feedback to help guide the introducer needle	2.5	4	**0.002	2	4	*0.002
Placing the introducer needle at the center of the vein in one attempt	2	4	-	2	4	-
Placing the introducer needle at the center of the vein in multiple attempts	2.5	4	**0.002	3	4	*0.016
Conducting the entire procedure without any mistakes	2	4	**<0.001	2	4	**0.001
Conducting the entire procedure on a CVC simulator (manikin)	3	4	**0.004	3	4	**0.009

^*p < 0.05.

^**p < 0.01, - indicates that a p value could not be calculated owing to a singularity.