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. 2018 Sep 10;9:2064. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02064

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Copyright © 2018 Arampatzioglou, Papazoglou, Konstantinidis, Chrysanthopoulou, Mitsios, Angelidou, Maroulakou, Ritis and Skendros.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Proposed mechanism underlining the synergistic beneficial effect of good glycemic control and clarithromycin treatment on neutrophils of T2D patients. Hyperglycemic environment induces the formation of LL-37-bearing NETs from T2D neutrophils, however they neither inhibit E. coli growth nor promote proliferation and differentiation of skin fibroblasts (SFs). The combination of glycemic control and clarithromycin increases externalization of LL-37 (red color) on T2D NETs, restoring the antibacterial activity of neutrophils and enhancing the healing capacity of SFs.