Table 1.
HERVs for which a direct role in the modulation of innate immunity has been reported.
| Group | Locus | Name | Type | Effect | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HERV-W | ? | – | Env SU | immune-activation | stimulation of CD14 and TLR4, monocyte and dendritic cell activation, inflammatory cytokines production | (99) |
| ? | – | Env | immune-activation | stimulation of cytokine and inducible nitric oxide synthase production | (101) | |
| HERVWE1 | syncytin-1 | Env TM | immune-suppression | Th1 to Th2 shift in maternal immune-tolerance | (102) | |
| HERV-FRD | HERVWE2 | syncytin-2 | Env TM | immune-suppression | Th1 to Th2 shift in maternal immune-tolerance | (32) |
| HERV-H | HERV-H3 | Env-59 | Env TM | immune-suppression | inhibition of inflammation effectors | (103, 104) |
| HERV-H17 | Env-60 | Env TM ISD | immune-suppression | tumor immune escape by stimulation of CCL19 chemokine and expansion of pluripotent CD271+ cells | (105) | |
| HERVP71 | ? | HERVP71A | LTR | immune-suppression | enhancer for HLA-G in human extravillous trophoblasts, inhibiting natural killer cytotoxicity | (106) |
| HERV-K(HML2) | HERV-K108 | – | Env TM | immune-suppression | inhibition of T cells activation, cytokine release and immune gene expression | (107) |
| 6p21.33 (PSORS1 gene) | – | Pro dUTPase | immune-activation | stimulation of TLR2, induction of NF-κB and Th1+Th17 cytokines | (108) |