Table 2.
Zero-order correlations (non-parametric) between measures of religiosity (DUREL, ORA, NORA, IR), combat exposure (CES), overall PTSD symptom severity (PCL) or severity of re-experiencing stressful events (PCL-B), avoidance of related stimuli (PCL-C), negativity (PCL-D), and hyperarousal (PCL-E), depression (MADRS, HAM-D), suicidality (sum of MADRS item 10 and HAM-D item 3 scores), and nicotine dependence (“nicotine” – the 5 levels of nicotine dependence were considered as an ordinal variable with values from 0 [none] to 4 [high])*†
| DUREL | ORA | NORA | IR | CES | PCL | PCL-B | PCL-C | PCL-D | PCL-E | MADRAS | HAM-D | Suicidality | Nicotine | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DUREL | — | 0.689 | 0.717 | 0.799 | 0.064 | 0.084 | 0.210 | -0.050 | 0.115 | -0.023 | -0.049 | -0.089 | -0.024 | -0.008 |
| ORA | <0.001 | — | 0.582 | 0.527 | 0.004 | 0.038 | 0.163 | -0.055 | 0.022 | -0.041 | -0.107 | -0.076 | -0.046 | -0.095 |
| NORA | <0.001 | <0.001 | — | 0.503 | 0.061 | 0.147 | 0.256 | -0.006 | 0.163 | 0.040 | 0.021 | -0.045 | 0.078 | -0.086 |
| IR | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | — | 0.035 | 0.014 | 0.096 | -0.109 | 0.074 | -0.076 | -0.103 | -0.144 | -0.073 | 0.057 |
| CES | 0.456 | 0.970 | 0.505 | 0.687 | — | 0.230 | 0.351 | 0.038 | 0.209 | 0.132 | 0.177 | 0.094 | 0.031 | 0.193 |
| PCL | 0.321 | 0.677 | 0.101 | 0.871 | 0.007 | — | 0.536 | 0.336 | 0.751 | 0.703 | 0.490 | 0.454 | 0.287 | 0.383 |
| PCL-B | 0.015 | 0.079 | 0.005 | 0.278 | <0.001 | <0.001 | — | 0.127 | 0.361 | 0.367 | 0.292 | 0.292 | 0.245 | 0.198 |
| PCL-C | 0.586 | 0.574 | 0.947 | 0.240 | 0.674 | <0.001 | 0.167 | — | 0.271 | 0.222 | 0.085 | 0.093 | -0.003 | 0.169 |
| PCL-D | 0.178 | 0.811 | 0.072 | 0.394 | 0.015 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.003 | — | 0.551 | 0.453 | 0.366 | 0.223 | 0.376 |
| PCL-E | 0.791 | 0.653 | 0.662 | 0.388 | 0.124 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.015 | <0.001 | — | 0.501 | 0.480 | 0.293 | 0.408 |
| MADRS | 0.567 | 0.245 | 0.819 | 0.241 | 0.040 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.351 | <0.001 | <0.001 | — | 0.692 | 0.575 | 0.129 |
| HAM-D | 0.302 | 0.314 | 0.620 | 0.100 | 0.276 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.310 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | — | 0.477 | 0.109 |
| Suicidality | 0.798 | 0.654 | 0.435 | 0.451 | 0.740 | 0.002 | 0.010 | 0.976 | 0.018 | 0.002 | <0.001 | <0.001 | — | -0.081 |
| Nicotine | 0.930 | 0.358 | 0.399 | 0.558 | 0.045 | <0.001 | 0.040 | 0.096 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.179 | 0.256 | 0.442 | — |
*CES – Combat Exposure Scale, DUREL – Duke University Religion Index, ORA – organizational religious activity subscale, NORA – non-organizational religious activity subscale, IR – intrinsic religiosity subscale, HAM-D – Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, MADRS – Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, PCL –Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Check List (clusters B-E).
†Kendall’s correlation coefficients are given by row (open cells) and corresponding P values by column (shaded cells)*