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. 2018 Sep 10;9:1023. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01023

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Copyright © 2018 Ahmad-Molaei, Hassanian-Moghaddam, Farnaghi, Tomaz and Haghparast.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Performance of recognition memory in the novel object recognition task in three sessions as follow; (A) Familiarization (rats were allowed to explore freely two identical objects A1 and A2 for 3-min), (B) Short-term memory (object A1 or A2 was replaced with object B while rats were allowed to explore for 3-min), (C) long-term memory (object B was replaced with object C which provided rats explored freely two objects for 3-min) in different groups, including; M/N-treated groups (a single dose of naloxone was administered after methadone overdose in apnea stage, in animals which experienced apnea and recognition memory was evaluated either on day 1, 5, or 10 day post-resuscitation; M/N-Day 1 (n = 7), M/N-Day 5 (n = 6) and M/N-Day 10 (n = 6) groups and their respective Saline control groups (n = 6); right panel), M/N-Sedate (n = 7; a single dose of naloxone was administered following methadone overdose, immediately in the initial stage of sedation, so behavioral evaluation was carried out only 1 day after drug administration), Saline; n = 10, methadone; n = 11, naloxone; n = 8 (Saline, methadone or naloxone were administered alone in separated groups which recognition memory was evaluated only 1 day after the drug administration in adolescent rats) groups. Animals received methadone (15 mg/kg; i.p.) or naloxone (2 mg/kg; i.p.) alone or both in a single dose. Each bar shows the mean ± SEM for 6–11. ^∗P < 0.05 and ^∗∗P < 0.01 different from the Saline group. ⁺⁺P < 0.01 and ⁺⁺⁺P < 0.001 different from their respective Saline control groups.