Table 1.

Candidate microRNAs that are involved in processes inherent to physiological exercise adaptation

MicroRNA	Selection of Targets	Biological Function	Enriched Tissue
miR-1 and miR-133a	HDAC4, SRF, CCND2, CASP9	Proliferation, apoptosis muscle contractility, cardiac hypertrophy	Muscle/heart
miR-210	ISCU, EFNA3, E2F3	Mitochondrial metabolism, angiogenesis, proliferation, survival, hypoxic adaptation	Ubiquitous (hypoxia dependent)
miR-222	KIT (c-kit), CDKN1B (p27/KIP)	Angiogenesis, proliferation	Endothelium
miR-21, miR-24, and miR-146a	PDCD4, RECK, PTEN, TIMP3, SPRY2, TPM1, RHOB, MYC, KCNJ2 IRAK1, TRAF6	Apoptosis, proliferation, inflammation, hypoxic adaptation, muscle contractility, cardiac hypertrophy, apoptosis, protection against myocardial ischemia, inflammation, hypoxic adaptation	Heart/endothelium

HDAC4, Histone deacetylase 4; SRF, serum response factor; CCND2, cyclin D2; CASP9, caspase 9; ISCU, iron-sulfur cluster assembly enzyme; EFNA3, ephrin A3; E2F3, E2F transcription factor 3; CDKN1B, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B; PDCD4, programmed cell death 4; RECK, reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; TIMP3, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3; SPRY2, Sprouty RTK signaling antagonist 2; TPM1, tropomyosin 1; RHOB, Ras homolog family member B; MYC, Myc protooncogene; KCNJ2, potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily J member 2; IRAK1, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1; TRAF6, TNF receptor-associated factor 6.