The inhibition of caveolea/raft-mediated endocytosis and calcium channel
prevented actin microfilaments alignment. Caveolae/raft-dependent endocytosis
was inhibited by pretreating the cells with 25 μM Nystatin for 2 hours,
and L-type calcium channel was blocked by pretreating the cells with 10
μM Nifedipine for 2 hours. Then cells were treated with TiO2,
SiO2, PS, and GNPs at the concentrations that yield the same
total surface area (8.76 μg/mL or 2.65 μg/cm2 for
TiO2 NPs, 5.48 μg/mL or 1.66 μg/cm2
for SiO2 NPs, 2.18 μg/mL or 0.66 μg/cm2
for PS NPs, and 40 μg/mL or 21.96 μg/cm2 for gold
NPs) for 2 hours; control was treated with fresh EGM-2. Mean ± standard
deviation of the sample. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with Tukey’s post
test, * denotes significant difference between comparisons, n =
20, p < 0.05.