Table 3.

Factors Associated With Bone Disease and Fracture in People Living With HIV

Factors in common with the general population	Factors related to the HIV
Aging6, 32, 38	Chronic inflammation55
Previous fractures38, 59	Reconstitution syndrome55
Low BMI32, 37, 60, 61	ART use8, 15, 20, 27
Tobacco use38, 62	Co‐infection with hepatitis B79
Alcohol abuse63	Co‐infection with hepatitis C33, 80, 81
Glucocorticoid use63	Low CD431, 32, 38, 81
Anticonvulsant use59	AIDS‐defining disease81
Postmenopausal status6, 24, 26
Hypogonadism38, 64
Vitamin D deficiency24, 65, 66, 67
White race8, 27
Diabetes mellitus59
Frailty69
Sarcopenia38
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors70
Comorbidities72
Falls59
Renal disease59

HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; ART = antiretroviral therapy.