Table 1.

Summary of Studies Included in the Review.

Citation	Design	Intervention	Sample & setting	Primary outcome measures	Secondary outcomes measures
Clark, 2015 [Journal article]	RCT Comparison: treatment as usual	High-Risk Revocation Reduction (HRRR) Program Begins 60 days prior to release and lasts up to 1 year post-release Supplemental case planning and various services, including transitional housing, subsidized employment, mentoring, etc.	Release violators from a Minnesota state prison Sample size: N = 239 (nExp = 162; nCon = 77) Mean age: Exp = 36.4; Con = 36.0	Recidivism: Rearrest, reconviction, & reincarceration	—
Davis, 2011 [PhD dissertation]	RCT Comparison: routine postrelease services	Support Matters 10 sessions of network therapy provided within 3 weeks of release	Male offenders from North Carolina with lifetime history of substance use disorder Sample size: N = 40 (nExp = 20; nCon = 20) Mean age: Exp = 33.3; Con = 25.9	Recidivism: Rearrest	Social support Substance use
Duwe, 2014 [Journal article]	RCT Comparison: treatment as usual	Minnesota Comprehensive Offender Reentry Plan (MCORP) Motivational interviewing and SMART planning with services including employment, housing, mentoring, income support, substance use	Offenders from seven prisons in Minnesota Sample size: N = 641 (nExp = 394; nCon = 247) Mean age: Exp = 36.9; Con = 32.6	Recidivism: Rearrest, reconviction & reincarceration	Employment Housing Social support
Employment project, 1980 [Journal article]	RCT Comparison: normal services	Vocational Counseling and Placement Service (VCPS) Weekly counselor sessions and 6 weekly sessions in lifestyle counseling After release: counselor via phone conversations	Offenders in maximum security institution in Philadelphia Sample I size: N = 197 (nExp = 140; nCon = 57) Sample II size: N = 170 (nExp = 122; nCon = 48) Mean age: average slightly over 30 (not specified)	Recidivism: Rearrest	Employment Social integration
Grommon et al., 2013 [Journal article]	RCT Comparison: Treatment as usual	Multimodal Community-Based Reentry Program 2 phases with counseling in a secure transitional facility + group/family treatment	At-risk male offenders soon to be released from prison with substance dependencies Sample size: N = 511 (nExp = 262; nCon = 248) Mean age: Exp = 35.57; Con = 33.73	Recidivism: Rearrest & reincarceration	Drug relapse
Jacobs, 2012 [Government report]	RCT Comparison: regular services	Transitional Jobs Program Provided temporary, minimum-wage job and job assistance	Recently released prisoners in the community of 4 U.S. cities Sample size: N = 1,813 (nExp = 912; nCon = 901) Mean age: Exp = 34.8; Con = 34.5	Recidivism: Rearrest, reconviction & reincarceration	Employment
Minnesota Department of Corrections [MDOC], 2006 [Government report]	Quasi-RCT Comparison: treatment as usual	Serious Offender Accountability Restoration (SOAR) Project Three phases: assessment (3 weeks), reentry preparation (90 days before release), release phase (duration unclear) Strengths-based case planning, housing assistance, community resource development, financial support	Prisoners from one county in Minnesota Sample size: N = 475 (nExp = 347; nCon = 128) Mean age: Exp = 26.9; Con = 27.7	Recidivism: Reconviction & reincarceration	—
Turner & Petersilia, 1996 [Journal article]	Quasi-RCT Comparison: waiting list	Work release program In-depth case management Duration: 4 months	Offenders with minimum security status and have less than 2 years to serve Sample size: N = 218 (nExp = 112; nCon = 106) Mean age: Exp = 30.4; Con = 31.4	Recidivism: Rearrest	—
Waldo & Chiricos, 1977 [Journal article]	RCT Comparison: normal parole conditions	Work release program Program lasted from 2 to 6 months	Inmates from prisons in Florida Sample size: N = 281 (nExp = 188; nCon = 93) Mean age: not significantly different (no data specified)	Recidivism: Rearrest, reconviction & reincarceration	—

Note. RCT = randomized controlled trials; SMART = Small, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic and Timely.