Table 3.
Comparison between subjects with and without fragility fracture.
| Variables | Subjects with fragility fracture |
Subjects without fragility fracture |
Univariate analysis |
Multivariate analysis |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean ± SD, percentage | n | Mean ± SD, percentage | p | ORe (95% CI) | pe | |
| Age (year-old) | 25 | 69.0 ± 8.8 | 158 | 68.7 ± 8.2 | 0.870a | ||
| Body height (cm) | 25 | 151.2 ± 6.7 | 157 | 151.7 ± 4.8 | 0.634a | ||
| Body weight (kg) | 25 | 56.7 ± 9.6 | 157 | 58.4 ± 9.0 | 0.384a | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25 | 24.7 ± 3.6 | 157 | 25.3 ± 3.7 | 0.440a | ||
| Waist circumflex (cm) | 25 | 83.1 ± 7.0 | 157 | 83.2 ± 10.0 | 0.990a | ||
| Hip circumflex (cm) | 25 | 97.5 ± 6.7 | 157 | 96.4 ± 8.8 | 0.570a | ||
| Bun | 24 | 17.5 ± 5.2 | 156 | 15.9 ± 4.5 | 0.108a | ||
| Creatinine | 24 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 156 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.419a | ||
| Cholesterol | 24 | 216.1 ± 41.1 | 157 | 208.0 ± 38.2 | 0.338a | ||
| HDL | 25 | 59.0 ± 11.9 | 158 | 57.0 ± 12.7 | 0.445a | ||
| LDL | 25 | 137.5 ± 32.9 | 157 | 131.9 ± 34.8 | 0.453a | ||
| Triglyceride | 24 | 131.5 ± 63.6 | 157 | 125.6 ± 67.6 | 0.687a | ||
| Fasting glucose | 24 | 114.3 ± 39.9 | 154 | 108.1 ± 38.2 | 0.468a | ||
| HbA1c | 24 | 6.2 ± 1.4 | 156 | 6.1 ± 1.2 | 0.618a | ||
| Uric acid | 24 | 5.5 ± 1.9 | 157 | 5.5 ± 1.3 | 0.983a | ||
| Hypertension | 25 | 36.0 (9/25) | 158 | 44.3 (70/158) | 0.436b | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 25 | 20.0 (5/25) | 158 | 17.1 (27/158) | 0.777c | ||
| Previous fracture history | 25 | 20.0 (5/25) | 158 | 23.4 (37/158) | 0.706b | ||
| Exercise habit | 25 | 32.0 (8/25) | 158 | 29.5 (47/158) | 0.819b | ||
| Labor worker | 25 | 12.0 (3/25) | 158 | 10.8 (17/158) | >0.99c | ||
| Calcium tablet | 25 | 32 (8/25) | 158 | 23.4 (37/158) | 0.354b | ||
| Habitual milk intake | 25 | 16.0 (4/25) | 158 | 20.9 (33/158) | 0.572b | ||
| Habitual tea intake | 25 | 8.0 (2/25) | 158 | 10.8 (17/158) | >0.99c | ||
| Various food intake frequency | |||||||
| Egg | 25 | 1.7 ± 1.3 | 158 | 2.0 ± 1.8 | 0.919d | ||
| Fish | 25 | 7.2 ± 4.3 | 158 | 7.0 ± 4.6 | 0.739d | ||
| Meat | 25 | 3.7 ± 2.8 | 158 | 4.5 ± 3.7 | 0.475d | ||
| Offal food | 25 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 158 | 0.3 ± 0.8 | 0.230d | ||
| Algae | 25 | 1.2 ± 1.2 | 158 | 1.9 ± 2.2 | 0.120d | ||
| Soy product | 25 | 1.4 ± 1.7 | 158 | 1.7 ± 2.1 | 0.471d | ||
| Fruit | 25 | 6.1 ± 3.7 | 158 | 6.0 ± 4.2 | 0.570d | ||
| Dark-green vegetable | 25 | 7.9 ± 4.4 | 158 | 8.6 ± 4.4 | 0.431d | ||
| Other deep-colored vegetable | 25 | 5.1 ± 3.8 | 158 | 6.6 ± 4.2 | 0.024d | 3.00f (1.06–8.53) | 0.039 |
| Light-colored vegetable | 25 | 5.6 ± 3.3 | 158 | 7.7 ± 4.3 | 0.021d | 2.70f (1.07–6.85) | 0.029 |
| Sum of vegetable | 25 | 18.6 ± 9.9 | 158 | 22.8 ± 11.1 | 0.037d | 2.88g (1.22–6.84) | 0.016 |
Abbreviations: n: Case number; BMI: Body mass index; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c: Glycohemoglobin; CI: Confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio.
Determined by independent sample t-test.
Determined by Pearson's Chi-square test.
Determined by Fisher's exact test.
Determined by Mann–Whitney U-test.
Determined by binary logistic regression. Dependent variable: Fragility fracture or not, covariates: Food item divided into two groups, age and body mass index. Each food item (including dark-green, other deep-colored, light-colored vegetable and sum of vegetable) was analyzed by each binary logistic regression model to avoid multicollinearity.
OR for weekly intake frequency <6 versus ≥6.
OR for weekly intake frequency <15 versus ≥15.