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For vitamin A status assessment, a dose of vitamin A ester labeled with stable isotope is administered after a baseline blood sample. A period of the dose mixing with the vitamin A body pool is necessary before the follow-up blood sample is taken for analysis by MS (adapted from reference 28). Prediction equations use the data from the mass spectrometer, along with key assumptions about absorption, storage, and catabolism of dose, to estimate total body retinol stores (29).
