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. 2017 Nov 24;42(4):158–165. doi: 10.1584/jpestics.D17-032

Fig. 6. Contact toxicity of different concentrations of nano-emulsion formulations, Neemix® (EC formulation), and neem oil (crude extract) on the mortality of Tribolium castaneum adults after 1 and 2 days of exposure. Bioassays were conducted at 27±1°C, 75±1% R.H., and a 12 : 12 hr light : dark cycle. ▲: N-APG1=APG surfactant (Agnique® MBL 510H/neem oil/water, 30 : 48 : 22). ◆: N-APG2=APG surfactant (Agnique® MBL 510H/neem oil/water, 27 : 40 : 33). ■: N-PolyS1=Polysorbate surfactant (Tween80/neem oil/water, 30 : 48 : 22). ×: N-PolyS2=Polysorbate surfactant (Tween80/neem oil/water, 27 : 40 : 33). ●: Neemix® (control). ＊: neem oil (control).

Fig. 6. Contact toxicity of different concentrations of nano-emulsion formulations, Neemix® (EC formulation), and neem oil (crude extract) on the mortality of Tribolium castaneum adults after 1 and 2 days of exposure. Bioassays were conducted at 27±1°C, 75±1% R.H., and a 12 : 12 hr light : dark cycle. ▲: N-APG1=APG surfactant (Agnique® MBL 510H/neem oil/water, 30 : 48 : 22). ◆: N-APG2=APG surfactant (Agnique® MBL 510H/neem oil/water, 27 : 40 : 33). ■: N-PolyS1=Polysorbate surfactant (Tween80/neem oil/water, 30 : 48 : 22). ×: N-PolyS2=Polysorbate surfactant (Tween80/neem oil/water, 27 : 40 : 33). ●: Neemix® (control). ＊: neem oil (control).