Figure 1.

UMMD enhances the microbubble payload delivery into the cell.

Notes: (A) Observation of the cell and microbubble before US sonication. (B) In the field of US, the microbubbles oscillate and rupture, resulting in a series of physical effects including shock waves, microstreaming and microjets. (C) These physical effects increase the permeability of the cytomembrane so that endocytosis is enhanced. (D) The acoustic radiation force pushes the microbubble payload to the exosurface of the cell. Reprinted from Journal of Controlled Release, Volume 261, Fan CH, Lin CY, Liu HL, Yeh CK, Ultrasound targeted CNS gene delivery for Parkinson’s disease treatment, pages 246–262, © 2017 with permission from Elsevier.¹⁹

Abbreviations: UMMD, ultrasound-mediated microbubble destruction; US, ultrasound.