Table 1.

Summary of experiments and immune responses after treatment with UMMD

Experiment type	Animal type/cell type	Tumor type	US-sensitive vehicle	Immunostimulation materials	US parameter	Immune effect	Reference
In vivo	C57BL/6 mice	Melanoma	Microbubbles	Antigen and mRNA	1 MHz, 2 W/cm2, 20% duty, 30 seconds insonation time	Tumor outgrowth ↓	Dewitte et al50
In vivo	C57BL/6 mice	Melanoma	Liposome microbubbles	Antigens	2 MHz, 2.0 W/cm2, 10% duty, 3×10 seconds insonation time	Melanoma lung metastases ↓	Oda et al51
In vivo	C57BL/6 mice	Ovarian carcinoma	PEG-modified bubble lipoplexes	pDNA	Not mentioned	Antitumor effects ↑	Un et al57
In vivo	C57BL/6 mice	Melanoma	Mannose-modified bubble lipoplexes	pDNA	1.045 MHz, 1.0 W/cm2, 50% duty, 1 minute insonation time	Transcriptional factors ↑	Yoshida et al59
In vitro	DLD1 and AGS cells	Colorectal cancer	Phase-change nanodroplets	Antibody	100 cycles at 4 MHz, 1.5 MPa peak negative pressure	Tumor cell apoptosis ↑	Ishijima et al64
In vivo	Nude rats	Brain metastasis	Microbubbles	Antibody	0.40–0.70 W/cm2, 10 ms burst sonications, 0.46–0.62 MPa peak negative pressure	Tumor outgrowth ↓	Kobus et al71
In vivo	Athymic nude rats	Breast cancers with HER2	Definity microbubble	NK-92	551.5 kHz focused transducer, 0.33 MPa average peak rarefaction pressure	NK-92 brain delivery ↑	Alkins et al82
In vitro	Tregs from HCC patients	Hepatocellular carcinoma	SonoVue microbubble	T cells	10% microbubbles, 1.4 mechanical index, 150 or 180 seconds insonation time	Treg proliferation ↑	Shi et al88
In vivo	C57BL/6 X C3H/He mice	Ovarian carcinoma	Bubble liposomes	pDNA	1 MHz, 0.7 W/cm2, 60 seconds insonation time	Tumor outgrowth ↓	Suzuki et al94

Notes: ↑, up regulated; ↓, down-regulated.

Abbreviations: HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; NK, natural killer; PEG, poly(ethylene glycol); Treg, regulatory T cell; UMMD, ultrasound-mediated microbubble destruction; US, ultrasound.