Figure 1.

Manhattan plots of genome-wide associations for each culling criterion. Horizontal line represents the false discovery rate threshold of 0.15 for each criterion: (a) criterion 1, where cows were removed from the herd upon their second incidence of failure to wean a calf, regardless of reason, through 6 yr; (b) criterion 2, where cows were scored as culled upon their first failure to wean a calf, regardless of reason, through 6 yr; (c) criterion 3, where cows were scored as culled upon their first failure to give birth to a calf, through 6 yr; (d) criterion 4, where cows were scored as culled upon their first incidence of failure to wean a calf, but not considering calving failure as a reason, through 6 yr; (e) criterion 5, where cows were scored as culled upon their first instance of failing to wean a calf, provided that they had no prior instances of calving failure, through 6 yr.