. 2018 Apr 20;96(5):1877–1888. doi: 10.1093/jas/sky098

Table 4.

Effect of diet characteristics on energy balance of growing pigs

Item	Dietary treatment¹
Item	Basal	FFRB	DFRB	CGF	CGM	SEM	P-value
Energy balance², kcal·kg BW^0.6−1·d⁻¹
ME intake	544^a	537^ab	518^b	514^b	515^b	6	0.003
THP	286^c	288^bc	311^a	307^ab	307^ab	5	0.003
Adjusted THP	277^b	282^b	315^a	313^a	312^a	6	<0.001
FHP³	182	189	188	193	186	5	0.529
RE⁴, kcal·kg BW^0.6−1·d⁻¹
RE_P	103^ab	94^ab	96^ab	109^a	91^b	5	0.044
RE_L	156^a	156^a	113^b	97.3^b	118^b	7	<0.001
Total	259^a	250^a	209^b	207^b	209^b	5	<0.001
Adjusted RE_P	98^ab	91^b	98^ab	111^a	93^b	5	0.040
Adjusted RE_L	152^a	154^a	114^bc	101^c	120^b	8	<0.001
Adjusted total	250^a	245^a	212^b	213^b	213^b	4	<0.001
RQ
Fed state	1.07	1.05	1.08	1.07	1.06	0.01	0.183
Fasted state³	0.82	0.83	0.80	0.84	0.80	0.01	0.103
Energy utilization, %
NE/ME	80.9^ab	81.8^a	76.7^c	78.1^bc	76.9^c	1.1	0.001
Energy values, kcal/kg DM
DE	3,947^a	3,805^ab	3,284^d	3,520^c	3,709^b	47	<0.001
ME	3,843^a	3,725^a	3,191^c	3,414^b	3,549^b	40	<0.001
NE₁⁵	3,110^a	3,047^a	2,450^c	2,669^b	2,729^b	42	<0.001
NE₂⁵	3,065	2,978	2,390	2,575	2,677	–	–
Predicted NE⁵	2,857	2,792	2,297	2,464	2,586	–	–

^a–dMeans within a row with different superscripts differ (P < 0.05).

¹Basal = corn–soybean meal basal diet; FFRB = full-fat rice bran diet; DFRB = defatted rice bran diet; CGF = corn gluten feed diet; CGM = corn germ meal diet.

²THP = total heat production; FHP = fasting heat production; adjusted THP means the THP was adjusted for an ME intake of 528 kcal·kg BW^0.60−1·d⁻¹ (mean value for the experiment) by covariance.

³FHP was calculated using the equation for THP with gas concentrations and air flow obtained from only the last 8-h heat production measurement from days 19 to 20 (i.e., from 22:30 to 06:30 h). To base production using the same time span as used for THP, the 8-h heat production was extrapolated to a 24-h period. Similarly, the RQ in fasted state was calculated as the ratio between CO₂ production and O₂ consumption (which was extrapolated to a 24-h period).

⁴RE = retained energy; RE_P = retained energy as protein (kcal·kg BW^0.6−1·d⁻¹) = [nitrogen intake (g) − nitrogen in feces (g) − nitrogen in urine (g)] × 6.25 × 5.70 (kcal/g)/BW^0.6; RE_L = retained energy as lipids (kcal·kg BW^0.6−1·d⁻¹) = [RE (kcal) − retained energy as protein (kcal)]/BW^0.6. Adjusted RE_P, RE_L, and RE means the RE_P, RE_L, and RE was adjusted for an ME intake of 528 kcal·kg BW^0.60−1·d⁻¹ (mean value for the experiment) by covariance, respectively.

⁵NE₁ or NE₂ (kcal/kg DM) = [RE (kcal/d) + FHP (kcal/d)]/DMI (kg/d), where FHP was from individual FHP measured in this experiment and FHP of Noblet et al. (1994; FHP = 179 kcal·kg BW^0.6−1·d⁻¹), respectively; predicted NE (kcal/kg DM) = 0.700 × DE (kcal/kg DM) + [(1.61 × ether extract (%) + 0.48 × starch (%) − 0.91 × CP (%) − 0.87 × ADF (%)] × 10.