Table 2. Mean ± standard deviation for cortical bone morphology, trabecular bone volume fraction and microarchitecture, cortical cyclic indentation outcomes, trabecular compressive biomechanical properties, and AGE measures in the femoral neck and serum from non-diabetic and T2D subjects. All data were adjusted for race, sex, gender, and BMI.

	Non-Diabetic	Type 2 Diabetic
Microcomputed Tomography
Cortical tissue mineral density (mgHA/ccm)	909 ± 39	916 ± 47
Cortical porosity (%)	16.3 ± 7.2	16.8 ± 6.7
Tb.BV/TV (%)	32.0 ± 5.0	32.7 ± 7.7
Tb.N (1/mm)	1.95 ± 0.19	2.01 ± 0.33
Tb.Th (mm)	0.17 ± 0.02	0.16 ± 0.02
Tb.Sp (mm)	0.352 ± 0.060	0.346 ± 0.092
Conn.D (1/mm3)	10.57 ± 2.57	11.41 ± 5.00
Cyclic Reference Point Indentation
Indentation distance (μm)	71.4 ± 18.1	73.4 ± 16.7
Creep indentation distance (μm)	5.88 ± 1.31	6.91 ± 1.50*
Total indentation distance (μm)	80.0 ± 20.1	83.9 ± 19.5
Indentation distance increase (μm)	13.6 ± 4.3	16.4 ± 4.7*
Average energy dissipation (μJ)	19.3 ± 5.4	20.0 ± 5.7
Average loading slope (N/μm)	0.40 ± 0.06	0.39 ± 0.06
Average unloading slope (N/μm)	0.53 ± 0.07	0.52 ± 0.07
Compressive Biomechanical Properties
Apparent compressive modulus (MPa)	566 ± 174	590 ± 243
Yield stress (MPa)	2.29 ± 1.54	1.20 ± 0.90φ
Maximum stress (MPa)	3.36 ± 0.79	3.30 ± 0.95
Stress at 3% strain (MPa)	2.40 ± 0.66	2.32 ± 0.69
Toughness to maximum point (mJ/mm3)	0.014 ± 0.009	0.014 ± 0.005
Toughness to 3% strain (mJ/mm3)	0.071 ± 0.018	0.070 ± 0.021
Post-yield toughness (mJ/mm3)	0.06 ± 0.02	0.07 ± 0.02
Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGEs)
Cortical bone AGEs (ng quinine/mg collagen)	178 ± 53	216 ± 64φ
Trabecular bone AGEs (ng quinine/mg collagen)	211 ± 60	224 ± 50
Serum pentosidine (ng/mL)	46.6 ± 11.5	53.5 ± 11.7
Serum AGEs (μg/mL)	32.3 ± 9.2	29.2 ± 7.1

^*p≤0.05

^φ0.05<p≤0.10